Tuesday, May 19, 2020

The Bloody Root Of Titus Andronicus - 1057 Words

The Bloody Root of Titus Andronicus: An Argument of Intent and Origin There are have been many arguments throughout the history of Shakespearean academia regarding the validity of Shakespeare’s authorship to Titus Andronicus, and the critics have not been shy to express their discontent of its seemingly endless violent montage. As Michael Fentiman and Harold Fuller point out of what Dr. Samuel Johnson spoke to in 1765, â€Å"all the editors and critics agree in supposing this play spurious†¦for the colour of style is wholly different from that of the other plays, the barbarity of the spectacles and the general massacre which are here exhibited can scarcely be tolerable†¦That Shakespeare wrote any part†¦I see no reason in believing† (Fentiman).†¦show more content†¦Virtually, all the central characters killed each other off in a downward spiral of luscious revenge (Shakespeare). It is striking in its contrast to the likes of Romeo and Juliet or Hamlet or Macbeth to where Shakespeare dove deep into the emotions and psyche of human life (RedEyesTakeWarning). Violence and death were not foreign concepts to the people of the Elizabethan era, as medieval life was chocked full of war, famine, and plague. In the case of entertainment, violence and death were no strangers as people would flock to see bear baiting, including Queen Elizabeth. (Mabillard). Allistair Brown claims that we take entertainment out of simulated violence because it is cathartic (Brown). Brown also argues that, â€Å"Violence becomes comic because laughter, denying the reality or seriousness of whatever threatens, is a way of dealing with trauma† (Brown). With the world being consumed with death at every doorstep, what is so far-fetched at the notion that Titus Andronicus is an extremely dark comedy to help a broken soul cope with the grim reality of medieval life? As there is almost nothing else for society to take away as a benefit from the play (RedEyesTakeWarning), what else could it be? There are already plenty of examples in literature that deliver morals and lessons learned from seeking revenge. Why

The Floor Was Stained With Blood - 883 Words

The floor was stained with blood. A ragged, tri-colored wool mat sat upon it. The boards would creak even if a small mouse were to crawl across it. Underneath the blood stained floor boards was an old cellar. Inside the cellar there was a small table, hundreds of bushels of apples, and an old wooden chair. In the most internal part of the chair there was a teen girl named, Libitina. Her arms were tied around the back of the chair, her legs tied to the bottoms of the chair. There was a gauze in her mouth, and a laceration across her head that bleed profusely onto the desolate ground. Her eyes watered, reflecting her feelings of pain, and fear. Light emerged from the cellar door showing the sillouette of a small†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å" I needed a blood sacrifice.† He talked as he paced around. He laid the candle on the table next to Libitina. He walked back towards Libitina, and smiled. â€Å"Would you like to see how that works?† Libitina wailed â€Å"NOOO O!† Adalwoof tried to wrap the gauze back around her mouth, and she kicked him profusely. She hit one of his small knees, and he fell to the floor. When he got up what he did was horrifying. He let out a laugh, dusted himself off, and walked up to Libitina. He grabbed a pair of rusty plyers from inside his suits pockets. He walked up to her, and grabbed her by the throat. As she gasped for air he tied the gauze around her mouth, and ever so carefully plucked her teeth out one by one. Her mouth poured blood like a fountain, and she screamed in horror as her teeth would be pulled, and twisted out. Adalwoof was so concentrated on doing it in the most precise manner. What he did last would be the worst. He grabbed her tongue with his hand, and ever so lightly pulled it out. She screamed, and cried in horror. Adalwoof let out a malicious laugh, and held the tongue tightly in his grasp. â€Å"To bad you can’t talk anymore or maybe you could’ve persuaded me not to do t his.† He let out a laugh as he squeezed the blood from the tongue onto his hands, and drank it. He started to seize, his eyes turned yellow, and he had hair petruding from every angle of him. He was a disgusting hairyShow MoreRelatedEssay1038 Words   |  5 Pagesfree. It was winter, a cold one at that, a cold and fierce winter with chills in every direction. With snow falling from the sky in large abundances, I had just entered my chamber door, when I had the oddest feeling. I felt as if I was alone. My wife was supposed to be at our home, but It seemed as if she had gone astray. I had the strangest feeling that my wife was in the same room, but alas she was not. That night, I lie on my bed, dreaming of my lost maiden. I dreamt that a stranger was kneelingRead MoreShort Essay On The Monster Hunts961 Words   |  4 Pages The house was atop a small old hill. Surrounding the house was a once neatly kept metal fence, now all rusted and covered in overgrown foliage. An old worn gravel pathway lead straight to the door. Weather had taken its toll on the house. The bricks were worn and faded from their original color of red. The door was barely hanging onto its hinges, and the windows were cracked and broken. Jackie and Joe got out of their old black Ford Mustang. Jackie’s long blonde hair was tied up in a ponytail.Read MoreForensic Science : Bloodstain Pattern Analysis1103 Words   |  5 PagesAmy Wooten K. Colwell CTE Advanced Studies (DATE) Forensic Science: Bloodstain Pattern Analysis Imagine walking into a crime scene and the first thing you see is blood covering the floor, walls and ceiling. Most people wouldn’t realize the type of valuable and important information that this evidence holds in a crime scene. Those who are in the career of bloodstain pattern analysis are able to take a look at the bloodstain patterns and unveil many important factors of how the crime occurredRead MoreShort Story Essay1705 Words   |  7 PagesSections of rendering had fallen away into the tangled vegetation far below, revealing thick stone slabs underneath: toothless gaps, the dark smile of an old bearded gunrunner, and the oblivion of a whisky drunk, Brazilian whore. The house was four stories tall and had almost been reclaimed by the jungle; this ornate Churrigueresque fortress had been smashed and peppered for centuries by tropical elements intent on a gradual stripping away of its baroque stone carvings. Read MoreSpecial Agent : A Crime Scene Essay917 Words   |  4 Pagescrime scene was secured with yellow tape. I met with Deputy Sheriff Ray Chandler. Chandler told me that the two victims, Steve Campbell and Sherry Campbell, had two gunshot wounds each. Sherry Campbell died in the master bedroom of the residence, but emergency medical services (EMS) took Steve Campbell from the scene. Chandler informed that the EMS personnel entered the residence through the front door and placed Steve Campbell on a stretcher. Steve Campbell s injuries created a blood drip trailRead MoreDeath And Death - Original Writing1471 Words   |  6 Pagesfive at the dancer attacking the pole in front of him and thought about his bladder. It was urging him to take a piss. He needed to get up, but those tits were perfect. How could a man walk away from something like that? He couldn’t and that was ok. Death would understand. Girls like Miss Perfect Tits never paid any attention to guys like him. Wh y would they? Old Ricky the Slug wasn’t much to look at. But he was flush. He had hit it big at the poker tables over at the Continental and he meant to enjoyRead MoreShort Story956 Words   |  4 PagesNeither Living Nor Deceased It was midnight; I lay awake unable to sleep, thoughts swirling through my mind. Like a crack of a whip I was jolted back into reality by a loud chorus of screams echoing though the silence of the night. I peered out of my window but only saw the moon resting in the jet-black sky. As, I slipped back into my cosy bed I could still hear more screams. I lay as still as a log, scared stiff for what felt like an eternity. Suddenly, I heard our front door creak open, my dogRead MoreA Door Into The Dark877 Words   |  4 Pagesglass embedded itself in the wooden floor, inches from Sebastian s throat. She felt him laugh underneath her. You can t do it, he said. You can t kill me. To hell with you, she snarled. I can t kill Jace. Same thing, he said, and, sitting up so fast she barely saw him move, he belted her across the face with enough force to send her skidding across the glass-strewn floor. Her slide was arrested when she hit the wall, gagged, and coughed blood. She buried her head against herRead MoreThe Forests : A Tale Of A Tale1131 Words   |  5 Pagestrying to trip trespassers over with a sly smile on their warn out face. With a light tug the robe was released and off he went. The light of the moon barely illuminated the unfortunate souls who had wandered too far off the beaten track. The sharp and unforgiving stake impaled through their stomach and their bodies all hung lifelessly. The misty night air hung heavy with the metallic scent of blood. Their faces were contorted in agony. A beast had been here. And that beast had arrived once againRead More The Italian Essay1491 Words   |  6 Pagesvery first thing that we see described is a veiled woman: quot;It was in the church of San Lorenzo a t Naples, in the year 1758, that Vincentio di Vivaldi first saw Ellena di Rosalba. The sweetness and fine expression of her voice attracted his attention to her figure, which had a distinguished air of delicacy and grace; but her face was concealed in her veil. So much was he fascinated by the voice, that a most painful curiosity was excited as to her countenance, which he fancied must express all the

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Ib Physics Ia - 2482 Words

IB Physics Internal Assessment Andy Tang Research Question In this internal assessment, I am given a cantilever to find the physical properties of it. I decide to investigate the relationship between the force I act on one side of the cantilever and the maximum acceleration the tail can reach. This experiment will be also showing the elasticity of the cantilever. Since I pull down one side of it and fixed the other side, when I cut the string, it will bounce up and down until all the internal energy is depleted. Text books Newton meter Accelerometer Equilibrium line Materials 1) A piece of cantilever that is made by acrylic plastic (length:35.2cm ±0.1; Width:4.0cm ±0.1; thickness:0.2cm ±0.1) 2) An accelerometer (sensor;†¦show more content†¦By considering the formula: Ep=kx2/2, when x (the displacement caused by deformation) cannot be changed any more, the potential energy will not be changing. When there is no more energy added into the system, the acceleration will not change. Raw Data Table Force (N ±0.05) | Acceleration (ms^-2)( ±0.2) | | Trial 1 | Trial 2 | Trial 3 | | max | min | max | min | max | min | 0.75 | 22.3 | -18.5 | 21.2 | -15.3 | 25.7 | -26.1 | 1.00 | 40.6 | -36.3 | 36.9 | -42.5 | 35.6 | -35.2 | 1.25 | 48.7 | -43.4 | 46.6 | -37.2 | 40.7 | -39.3 | 1.50 | 52.7 | -55.6 | 52.0 | -41.7 | 49.1 | -45.9 | 1.75 | 55.3 | -52.7 | 57.3 | -53.0 | 50.2 | -48.3 | 2.00 | 64.7 | -57.5 | 66.8 | -55.0 | 65.6 | -56.1 | 2.25 | 69.8 | -59.7 | 67.3 | -61.2 | 65.3 | -63.2 | 2.50 | 78.0 | -63.8 | 68.0 | -63.8 | 64.3 | -62.8 | 2.75 | 74.7 | -63.8 | 83.8 | -63.8 | 83.7 | -63.2 | 3.00 | 83.8 | -63.8 | 83.1 | -63.8 | 83.6 | -63.8 | Force uncertainty: The least count of the Newton meter that I used is 0.25N. Although the interspace of each scale is wide enough for me to determine, I was not able to control the tension force which I act on the Newton meter. This created the uncertainty of the force measurement. By noticing the fluctuation of the indicator, I estimate the uncertainty of the force is about 0.05N. Acceleration uncertainty: The data of the acceleration wereShow MoreRelatedIb Physics Ia-Freefall Essay749 Words   |  3 PagesAIM To find the acceleration of an object when falling down from a height in the presence of earth’s gravitational field, which is also known as free fall. Air resistance is neglected in this experiment. THEORY As an object is released from a height from the ground under the influence of the Earth’s gravitational force, the object will always fall under a constant rate of acceleration. Unlike in space, where object will just float around after being released, object falling on Earth will alwaysRead MoreIb Physics Ia - Domino Effect1271 Words   |  6 PagesChee Yong Hui 6.5 Domino Effect IA Investigate the effect of the distance between each domino on the time taken for all the dominoes to fall Independent Variable: Distance, d/cm, between each domino. The distance d/cm is measured between the middle of one domino to the middle of the next domino Dependent Variable: Time taken for all the dominoes to be toppled to the ground. The timing will start when the 1st domino is hit by a metal ball and it will stop when the last domino falls completelyRead MoreWhy Is Knowledge Important Than Knowledge? Essay1388 Words   |  6 Pagesa deeper and better understanding of area is gained as they are provides with different perspectives and different methods to understand. In natural sciences while performing a physics experiment there are multiple ways of knowing used like sense perception, emotion and imagination. Example while performing my physics IA though the readings were taken with the technology but my sense perception/vision also helped me to observe the experiment and to make qualitative data. While writing the lab reportRead MoreUniversity of Nairobi Bsc. Civil Engineering Degree Programme Details6511 Words   |  27 PagesOF STUDY - SEMESTER I FCE 101 - Communication Skills (45 hrs) For details see course CCS 004 under commo n undergraduate courses. FCE 103 - Development Process (45 hrs) For details see course CCS 001 under common undergraduate courses. FCE 131 - Physics IA (45 hrs) Mechanics and Properties of Matter : Introduction to dynamics: circular motion; simple harmonic motion (SHM); rotation of rigid bodies; Newtons Law of gravitation Introduction to statics: force systems on rigid bodies at rest: equilibrium:Read MoreIs It Important For Knowledge?1309 Words   |  6 Pages There is a clear distinction between the two. Knowledge is used to apply in the real world for progression whereas information is just obtaining material. Another example of knowledge being applied to be valued is a personal account of mine. In my IB History of Americas class, we learned how the Chinese Civil War served as a predecessor to the Spanish Civil War. The revolutionary ideologies from the Chinese were used as motivation for the Spanish for their Civil War outbreaks. There was great parallelismRead MoreThe Acquisition of Knowledge and the Natural Sciences1451 Words   |  6 Pagesdismissed as new-found information proves more accurate. However, knowledge can also be amended as it is evolves. Knowledge is often discarded or amended due to technological progresses or changing social trends. Taking both a natural and a human science in IB, I feel that knowledge is more readily discarded in the natural sciences whereas in the human sciences knowledge is amended as certain theories evolve. This suggests that knowledge is not static hence leading to the main knowledge issue which will beRead MoreNotes On Mathematics And Tennis2082 Words   |  9 Pages Mathematics and Tennis By: Musse Y. Course: IB Math SL Teacher: Dr. Ley Since I was a kid I had good interest for tennis. I would spend hours just sitting and watching tennis games. By the time I was 8-years-old my dad bought a table tennis(ping pong table). He taught me how to play and keep a score. At first it was hard to learn, but once I get a hang of it was one of the best things I learned from my father. I still remember the first time I won a match between me andRead MoreStudy On Socio Ecological Resources Of The Place Of My Residence2611 Words   |  11 Pages Topic: Study on Socio-Ecological Resources of the Place of My Residence Final Report 5/2/2015 IBS KOLKATA BY- SUMIT AGARWAL Table of Contents Serial No. Particulars Page No. 1. Introduction 2. Name of the place: Municipal ward/Gram Panchayat of My Residence. 3. History of the Place, Personalities, Monuments, Schools, Colleges, Clubs, Libraries etc. 4. Geography- roads, rivers, canals. 5. Natural and community resources, (flora, fauna, parks, ponds/lakesRead MoreElectric Machinery Fundamentals Fourth Edition44654 Words   |  179 Pagescore, so it will be positive. The induced voltage in the core is given by the equation eind = N dφ dt so the voltage in the windings will be 14 Time 0 Vφ . (d) This machine is acting as a motor, and the current flow in these conditions is IA = Vφ − E A RA + jX S = 440∠ 0 ° V − 470∠  − 12 ° = 33.1∠ 15.6 ° A 0.22 + j 3.0 The real power consumed by this machine is P = 3Vφ I A cos ÃŽ ¸ = 3 ( 440 V )( 33.1 A ) cos (15.6 °) = 42.1 kW The reactive power supplied by this machine is Q = 3VφRead MoreAll the Mathematics You Missed but Need to Know for Graduate School17996 Words   |  72 Pagesrising abstractions of the early twentieth century would either lead to mathematicians working on sterile, silly intellectual exercises or to mathematics splitting into sharply distinct subdisciplines, similar to the way natural philosophy split into physics, chemistry, biology and geology. But the very opposite has happened. Since World War II, it has become increasingly clear that mathematics is one unified discipline. What were separate areas now feed off of each other. Learning and creating mathematics

Creating A New Storage Scheme - 1560 Words

Hourglass Schemes: [1] As mentioned in the introduction, ensuring files confidentiality is a major issue in cloud computing. The authors of this paper introduce a new storage scheme called the HourGlass. In this scheme the cloud server is forced to save files in a way that enable clients challenges, the server’s response ensures clients that their files are safely stored. In most cloud providers, clients files are stored in an encrypted way based on some predefined agreement between the client and the cloud provider. Then clients can challenge the server to send back the encrypted files in timely manners. The problem with this scenario is with current resources and computation powers, the servers can easily encrypt files on the fly and†¦show more content†¦This is most likely to exceed the time limit and hence the client will know that the server is not storing their files is a secure manner. The second property is also important because this scheme should not introduce any complication to the clients when trying to access their file. When legitimate clients want to access their files on the server, they should also be easily able to uncover the hourglass encapsulation, decrypt their file and read the plain text. We will describe the proposed protocol using the following notations: F: the plaintext file, CipherF: the encrypted file, X: The output of the hourglass function that will be stored on the server, C: the client, S: the server, HG: the hourglass function, E: encryption function, RNG(): random number generator that will be used by the client , A B: M: A sending M to B. The protocol is as follows: Client Server F C S: F F CipherF = E(F) X = HG(CipherF) Discard F, Store X i = GEN(), start timer C S: i i Stop timer C S: block i of X Verify response Remark: this is a simplified version of the actual protocol; more details will be introduced in the final report. The client can verify the server response either by computing HG and storing it on the client side or by other means that will be explained in the final report. The

Ku Klux Klan/Nazis Essay Example For Students

Ku Klux Klan/Nazis Essay Ku Klux KlanA secret terrorist organization that originated in the southern states during the period of Reconstruction following the American Civil War and was reactivated in the 20th century. The Ku Klux Klan believed in the innate inferiorityof black so therefore mistrusted adn resented the rise of former slaves to a status of civil equality and often to positions of political power. The lan became an illegal organization committed to destroying the Reconstruction governments from the Carolinas to Arkansas. Attired in robes or sheets and wearing masks topped with pointed hoods, the Klansmen terrorized public officials in effort to drive them from office and blacks in general to prevent them from voting, holding office, and otherwise exercising their newly acquird political rights. It was customary for them to burn crosses on hillsides and near the homes of who they wished to frighten. When such tactics failed to produce the affect they wanted, the victim would be flogged, mutilated , or murdered. These activities were justified by the klan as necessary measures in defense of white supremacy and the inviolability of white womanhoodA secret convention of Klansmen, held in Nashville, Tennessee, in 1867, adopted a declaration of principles expressing loyalty to the U.S. Constitution and its government and declaring the determination of the Klan to protect the weak, the innocent and the defenseless: to relieve the injured and oppressed: and to succur suffering The convention designated the Klan as an invisible Empire and provided for a supreme official, called Grand Wizard of the Empire, who wielded virtually autocratic power and who was assisted by ten Genii. From 1868 to 1870, while federal occupation troops were being withdrawn from the southern staes and radical regimes replaced with the Democratic administrations, the Klan was increasingly dominated by the rougher elements in the poulation. The local organizations, called Klaverns, became so uncontrollable abd violent the Grand Wizard, former Confederate general Nathan B. Forrest, officially dibanded the Klan in 1869. Klaverns continued to operate on their own. In 1871, Congress passed the Force Bill to Implement the 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution guaranteeing the rights of all citizens. In the same year Ulysses S. Grant issued a proclamation calling on members of illegal organizations to disarm and disband: thereafter hundreds of Klansmen were arrested. With those that were left they adopted a new fraternal organization incorporated in Georgia in 1915. the official name of the society, Invisible Empire, Knights of the Ku Klux Klan. Membership was open to native-born, white, Protestant males, 16 years or older: blacks Roman Catholics and Jews were excluded and were increasingly male targets of defamation and persecution by the Klan. After WWI the Klan expanded rapidly in urban areas and became active in many states like, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Alabama, Georgia, Illin ois,Indiana,Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey. Even though the Klan preached white supremacy, it focused its attacks on what it considered to be alien outsiders, particularly the Roman Catholic Church, which it believed was threatening traditional American ways and values. All non-Protestants, aliens,liberals,trade unionists,abd striking workers were denouned and subversives. After 1921, it experienced a rapid growth of membership and became politicallyinfluential throughout the nation. One estimate of its membership, made in 1924, when the Klan was at the peak of its strength, was as high as 3 million. In that year a resolution denouncing the klan, introduced at the national convention of the Democratic party, precipitated a bittercontraversy and was defeated. In 1944 it dibanded formally when it was unable to pay back axes wed to the federal government. With the death of its strongest postwar leader, it broke down into numerous, independant, competing units, which often didnt las t long enough to be placed on the list of sebversive organizations issued by the U.S. attorney general. .ucfe2b15ce01f880d44dbaa728fe2b7ab , .ucfe2b15ce01f880d44dbaa728fe2b7ab .postImageUrl , .ucfe2b15ce01f880d44dbaa728fe2b7ab .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ucfe2b15ce01f880d44dbaa728fe2b7ab , .ucfe2b15ce01f880d44dbaa728fe2b7ab:hover , .ucfe2b15ce01f880d44dbaa728fe2b7ab:visited , .ucfe2b15ce01f880d44dbaa728fe2b7ab:active { border:0!important; } .ucfe2b15ce01f880d44dbaa728fe2b7ab .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ucfe2b15ce01f880d44dbaa728fe2b7ab { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ucfe2b15ce01f880d44dbaa728fe2b7ab:active , .ucfe2b15ce01f880d44dbaa728fe2b7ab:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ucfe2b15ce01f880d44dbaa728fe2b7ab .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ucfe2b15ce01f880d44dbaa728fe2b7ab .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ucfe2b15ce01f880d44dbaa728fe2b7ab .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ucfe2b15ce01f880d44dbaa728fe2b7ab .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ucfe2b15ce01f880d44dbaa728fe2b7ab:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ucfe2b15ce01f880d44dbaa728fe2b7ab .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ucfe2b15ce01f880d44dbaa728fe2b7ab .ucfe2b15ce01f880d44dbaa728fe2b7ab-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ucfe2b15ce01f880d44dbaa728fe2b7ab:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Consumer product safety act Essay The Klan is still in existance today in the year 2001, but it is not s strong as before. Hopefully we will be able to get rid of the hate in that group for good. Nazi PartyNazi Party was alson known as National Socialism. Its roots were peculiarly German rounded. The theorists and planners of the National Socialists included General Karl Ernst Haushofer, a German geographer who exercised much influebce in

Farm Subsidies A Necessary Essay Example For Students

Farm Subsidies A Necessary Essay Evil? Subsidies are payments, economic concessions, or privileges given by the government to favor businesses or consumers. In the 1930s, subsidies were designed to favor agriculture. John Steinbeck expressed his dislike of the farm subsidy system of the United States in his book, The Grapes of Wrath. In that book, the government gave money to farms so that they would grow and sell a certain amount of crops. As a result, Steinbeck argued, many people starved unnecessarily. Steinbeck examined farm subsidies from a personal level, showing how they hurt the common man. Subsidies have a variety of other problems, both on the micro and macro level, that should not be ignored. Despite their benefits, farm subsidies are an inefficient and dysfunctional part of our economic system. The problems of the American farmer arose in the 1920s, and various methods were introduced to help solve them. The United States still disagrees on how to solve the continuing problem of agricultural overproducti on. In 1916, the number of people living on farms was at its maximum at 32,530,000. Most of these farms were relatively small (Reische 51). Technological advances in the 1920s brought a variety of effects. The use of machinery increased productivity while reducing the need for as many farm laborers. The industrial boom of the 1920s drew many workers off the farm and into the cities. Machinery, while increasing productivity, was very expensive. Demand for food, though, stayed relatively constant (Long 85). As a result of this, food prices went down. The small farmer was no longer able to compete, lacking the capital to buy productive machinery. Small farms lost their practicality, and many farmers were forced to consolidate to compete. Fewer, larger farms resulted (Reische 51). During the Depression, unemployment grew while income shrank. An extended drought had aggravated the farm problem during the 1930s (Reische 52). Congress, to counter this, passed price support legislation to a ssure a profit to the farmers. The Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act of 1936 allowed the government to limit acreage use for certain soil-depleting crops. The Agricultural Marketing Agreement Act of 1937 allowed the government to set the minimum price and amount sold of a good at the market. The Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938, farmers were given price supports for not growing crops. These allowed farmers to mechanize, which was necessary because of the scarcity of farm labor during World War II (Reische 52). During World War II, demand for food increased, and farmers enjoyed a period of general prosperity (Reische 52). In 1965, the government reduced surplus by getting farmers to set aside land for soil conservation (Blanpied 121). The Agricultural Act of 1970 gave direct payments to farmers to set aside some of their land (Patterson 129). The 1973 farm bill lowered aid to farmers by lowering the target income for price supports. The 1970s were good years for farmers . Wheat and corn prices ripled, land prices doubled, and farm exports outstripped imports by twenty-four billion dollars (Long 88). Under the Carter administration, farm support was minimized. Competition from foreign markets, like Argentina, lowered prices and incomes (Long 88). Ronald Reagan wanted to wean the farm community from government support. Later on in his administration, though, he started the Payments In Kind policy, in which the government paid farmers not to grow major crops. Despite these various efforts, farms continue to deal with the problems that rose in the 1920s. Farm subsidies seem to have benefits for the small farmer. Each year since 1947, there has been a net out-migration of farm people (Reische 53). American farm production has tripled since 1910 while employment has fallen eighty percent (Long 82). Small family farms have the lowest total family incomes (Long 83). Farming is following a trend from many small farms to a few large farms. Competition among farmers has increased supply faster than demand. New seed varieties, better pest control, productive machinery, public investments in irrigation and transportation, and better management will increase farm output. The resulting oversupply of farm products, which creates a low profit margin, drives smaller farms out of business. Smaller farms lack the capital and income to buy the machinery they need to compete with larger farms (Long 85). Many see this tendency towards consolidation and mechanization of farms to be harmful to the United States in the long run, and they see subsidies as a way of achieving a social desire to preserve the family farm. If the family farm represents anything, its a very intimate and fundamental relationship between people and resources (MacFadyen 138). Fewer farms mean fewer jobs and a higher concentration of wealth. Ten 30,000-acre farms may produce as much food as a hundred 3000-acre farms, but the former supports machinery; the latter, community (MacF adyen 138). Farm subsidies are designed to prevent the extinction of the small farmer. Despite the social benefits, subsidies have many problems. The subsidy system is often wasteful; the government finances irrigation systems in the California Imperial Valley, and then pays farmers not to grow crops on it (Solkoff 27). Some benefits hurt the small farmer. Marketing orders and tax breaks hurt small operators by giving more money to bigger farms. Big farms can then overproduce and undersell using advanced machinery, driving lesser farms out of business (Fox 28). Subsidies also allow foreign markets to become competitive by artificially raising market prices (Long 91). Artificially raising market prices create a surplus that would normally be solved by the free market system. In a theoretical free market, overproduction would drive excess farms out of business, until equilibrium would establish itself for both price and quantity of farm products. Subsidies allow inefficient farms to c ontinue to exist, which creates an inefficient economic system. Subsidies also increase the cost of other consumer products, while also increasing taxes to pay for them. Perhaps most importantly, subsidies do not fulfill their social role. About 112,000 large farms equivalent to the number of farms in Minnesota alone produce half the nations food and fiber (Long 82). The many government subsidy policies do not preserve the family farm, and the number of small farms has almost continuously been on the decline. Subsidies are impractical in the economic and the social aspects.Despite perceived benefits, farm subsidies are an inefficient and dysfunctional part of our economic system. Their goal, nonetheless, is noble. Writers like John Steinbeck made people aware of the plight of the small farmer, and subsidies were the only solution he government could think of. If there is some way to prevent the decline of small farms that does not carry the many subsidy problems, the agricultural po licy would undoubtedly change. Perhaps the same anti-trust laws that prevented the monopolizing of industry could be used to prevent the consolidation of farms. Until some other system is developed that can deal with the problems of the farmer, subsidies will continue to be used. Works Cited Blanpied, Nancy. Farm Policy. Congressional Quarterly: Washington D.C., 1984. Fox, Michael. Agricide. Schoken Books: New York, 1986. Long, Robert Emmet. The Farm Crisis. Wilson Co.: New York, 1987. MacFadyen, J. Tevere. Gaining Ground. Holt, Reinhart, and Winston: New York, 1966. Reische, Diana. U.S. Agricultural Policy. Wilson Co.: New York, 1966. Solkoff, Joel. The Politics of Food. Sierra Club Books: San Francisco, 1985. .u2ade208a2827dc07617d6cede7f80fb8 , .u2ade208a2827dc07617d6cede7f80fb8 .postImageUrl , .u2ade208a2827dc07617d6cede7f80fb8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2ade208a2827dc07617d6cede7f80fb8 , .u2ade208a2827dc07617d6cede7f80fb8:hover , .u2ade208a2827dc07617d6cede7f80fb8:visited , .u2ade208a2827dc07617d6cede7f80fb8:active { border:0!important; } .u2ade208a2827dc07617d6cede7f80fb8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2ade208a2827dc07617d6cede7f80fb8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2ade208a2827dc07617d6cede7f80fb8:active , .u2ade208a2827dc07617d6cede7f80fb8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2ade208a2827dc07617d6cede7f80fb8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2ade208a2827dc07617d6cede7f80fb8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2ade208a2827dc07617d6cede7f80fb8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2ade208a2827dc07617d6cede7f80fb8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2ade208a2827dc07617d6cede7f80fb8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2ade208a2827dc07617d6cede7f80fb8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2ade208a2827dc07617d6cede7f80fb8 .u2ade208a2827dc07617d6cede7f80fb8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2ade208a2827dc07617d6cede7f80fb8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Postwar Effects on Women Essay