Childhood and Adulthood in The Catcher in the Rye by J.D....

Childhood and Adulthood in The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger Holden Caulfield sees childhood as the ideal state of being. He thinks adulthood is filled with corrupt people. The only way anyone can win in the adult world is if the cards are stacked in his favor. The characters in The Catcher in the Rye play a diverse set of roles in the war between childhood and adulthood. Children do not think of appearances very highly, but in order to be respected in the adult world you must always look your best. Holden did not care what people thought about him as long as he felt good. He would wear his red hunting cap backward (p. 18). He also would have his hair cut crew cut style, which is thought of as a kids†¦show more content†¦When Holden comes home, he stops and buys Little Shirley Beans record for Phoebe (p 114). Even though it breaks, he still gives it to her. She loves it just as much as if it were not broken. Holden remembers Allie by his baseball mitt with the poems on it (p. 39). When Holden tried to bring meaning into the adult way of things, he was outcast. After he told Maurice to send up a prostitute, he did not score with her but he tried to talk to her (p. 95). He tried to make something meaningful out of it but Sunny did not understand. It does not matter if Stradlater gave Jane the time on their date, but whatever they d id meant absolutely nothing to either one of them. Stradlater could not even get her name right (p.31). The three girls Holden meets in the bar may be the worst of all. They could care less about anybody, but would die to get with a movie star (p. 72). These memories show thought and love which are a lot stronger than these empty sexual conquests. Children move through their childhood without a care in the world but have a wonderful time doing it, while adults push kids to become more adult like and figure out what they want to accomplish. As Holden is waiting for Phoebe to show up to say good-bye to her, he takes two boys who are skipping school to see the mummies (p. 203). These two kids do not care about math class, they just want to have a good time by going to the museum. This causes HoldenShow MoreRelatedCatcher in the Rye vs Frankenstein Novel Study Essay1304 Words   |  6 PagesIndependent Novel Study In today’s world, innocence cannot be preserved forever. As humans age, they lose their innocence due to the corruption that exists in society. This is demonstrated in the two novels, Catcher in the Rye and Frankenstein. The two authors, J.D. Salinger and Mary Shelley prove this statement through their use of various literary devices. Key characters in both novels- Holden and the creature- learn through personal experiences that innocence cannot, in fact, be preserved foreverRead MoreCatcher and the Rye Essay1382 Words   |  6 PagesChoices The exciting novel The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger expresses the free will of choice. Salinger cleverly conveys how decisions can alter a person’s perspective of their peer. Holden Caulfield, the protagonist, is a young teenager who has emotional instability and behavioral concerns. Holden acts immaturely extensively throughout the book. Holden invents a world where adulthood is the emblem of superficiality and â€Å"phoniness†, while he chooses to convey childhood as a world of innocence. Holden’sRead MoreThe Innocence of Childhood in The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger1262 Words   |  6 Pagesmature can be an intimidating experience; it is difficult to let go of one’s childhood and embrace the adult world. For some people, this transition from youthfulness to maturity can be much more difficult than for others. These people often try to hold on to their childhood as long as they can. Unfortunately, life is not so simple. One cannot spend th eir entire life running from the responsibilities and hardships of adulthood because they will eventually have to accept the fact that they have a roleRead MoreCatcher In The Rye Analysis1434 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican literature is full of classic novels containing heroic protagonists; Holden Caulfield of The Catcher in the Rye is not one of these classic heroes. The article Some Crazy Cliff by Arthur Heiserman and James E. Miller Jr. provides one interpretation of the novel suggesting that the protagonist is unique compared to others commonly found in American literature; most heroes are seeking acceptance while Holden is seeking something within the society he is trying to leave. The novel follows HoldenRead MoreHow Salinger’s Holden Caulfield Relates to Teenagers Throughout Time1412 Words   |  6 PagesSalinger’s Holden Caulfield Relates to Teenagers Throughout Time In 1951, J.D. Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye was #1 on the New York Time’s bestseller list. Since then, the American Literary Association claims The Catcher in the Rye is a â€Å"favorite of censors.† The use of harsh language and profanity has been a long time debate of educators causing the novel to be pulled off bookshelves and propelling J.D. Salinger and his protagonist, Holden Caulfield, into reluctant fame. The translationRead MoreThe Communist Manifesto in The Catcher in the Rye by J.D Salinger620 Words   |  3 PagesIn the novel, The Catcher in the Rye, J.D Salinger depicts a narration of Holden Caulfield’s encounters. Holden is portrayed as a high school student that is judgmental towards adults while kinder to the youth. Holden does not want to grow up and he thinks that if one is approaching adulthood, one will turn into a phony. Holden’s leniency towards younger people, such as his sister, is because of his dilemma of grow ing up or not, his distaste for adult phonies, and his own childhood. Holden’s dislikeRead More Catcher in the Rye Essay: Holden - The Misfit Hero2101 Words   |  9 PagesThe Misfit Hero of The Catcher In The Rye      Ã‚     The Catcher In The Rye by J.D. Salinger was published in 1951. A recurring theme in J.D. Salingers stories concerns people who dont fit in with the traditional American Culture. Salingers misfit heroes, unlike the rest of society, are caught in the struggle between a superficial world and a conscious morality (1 Wildermuth). In his attempt to create a new and realistic portrayal of the times, Salinger first, effectively creates Holden CaulfieldRead MoreThe Catcher Of The Rye By F. Salinger1386 Words   |  6 PagesAs a â€Å"gateway drug for a generation of teenagers,† Jerome David Salinger’s novel, The Catcher in the Rye, is a world-renowned phenomenon (Teicholz). On the surface it highlights a teenager’s mentally challenging journey of painfully trying to transition into adulthood, while also wanting to reject the adult world and seek refuge in his idealistic childhood recollections. However, these ideas can be analyzed on a deeper level, not only to better understand the protagonist, Holden Caulfield, but alsoRead MoreThe Catcher In The Rye Analysis1657 Words   |  7 PagesOne must inevitably confront the daunting face of adulthood. In J. D. Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye, Salinger depicts the disheartening journey from adolescence to adulthood that Holden Caulfield endures. Although holden seeks the freedoms that mark adulthood, he has yet to take up the role of a truly mature citizen as the society conforming nature of those adults disgust him, leading him to his gradual mental decline. J. D. Salinger uses the immature character of Holden Caulfield as a meansRead MoreThe Secrets of a Teenage Life900 Words   |  4 PagesThe Secrets of a Teenage Life Many actions and feelings are expressed from J.D. Salinger through his character Holden Caulfield by both physical actions and expressed emotions in the book The Catcher in the Rye. The overall main message of the book is to express the troubles that are involved with growing up in the adolescence years, to Holden Caulfied, the main character of the book, growing up involves dealing with the phoniness of others and just not caring about much that is expected of life

Who Are You As A Writer Essay - 1654 Words

When presented with the question, â€Å"who are you as a writer?†, I was speechless at first. But after thinking about it, I realized who I am as a writer has been influenced by so many different sponsors throughout my life and there was not a short, concrete answer. Brandt mentions that â€Å"literacy is sponsored by people, institutions, and circumstances that both make it possible for a person to become literate and shape the way the person actually acquires literacy.† (Brandt 43) My attitude towards writing has been influenced by teachers, both negatively and positively, by my mother, and by academic assignments over the years. My answer to the question can only be answered by a narrative of my writing life. I have convinced myself that I am a terrible writer, and when presented with a writing assignment, I get anxious instantly. I see writing as a burden and a huge obstacle that gets placed in my life. Academic writing is not fun, but something I value due to the fact that we are a grade driven society. When writing, I write to the guidelines in order to receive points for the requested criteria. The reason being, I gave up on expressing my own ideas because I had been shut down by so many teachers throughout my education. I tried to write down what came to my mind and put my own twist on things, but that was not the â€Å"right† way to write papers. In order to make both my teachers and my grades happy, I wrote what they wanted to hear, and even then I was not to the level theyShow MoreRelatedThe Freedom Of Being A Writer961 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The writer must have a good imagination to begin with, but the imagination has to be muscular, which means it must be exercised in a disciplined way, day in and day out, by writing, failing, succeeding and revising, some great words from Stephen King, shows us the independence of being a writer with the many faults and achievements. These words mean something to a lot of people, whi ch can lead them to a positive path to know that the great Stephen King, can mess up occasionally as well. The peopleRead MoreMy Opinion On Personal Experience848 Words   |  4 PagesHave you ever heard the quote: â€Å"Every book you’ve ever read is just a different combination of twenty six letters†? If so, then you know how astounding that realization can be. And even though it may be true in a sense, when a writer sits down to write, they aren’t just putting words on paper. They’re tapping into a unique part of their inner consciousness. They’re harnessing their imagination and personal experiences to breathe life into an entire world that they imagined and then assembled. ThatRead MoreEssay about Tools of the Craft1740 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Craft So you have decided you want to write. Perhaps you may feel you need to write. 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These are some of the supposed disadvantages of outsourcing, some of which may seem to hinder the qualityRead MoreSports Journalism : Career Goals1669 Words   |  7 PagesThe tasks at hand faced daily by a writer, qualifications that need to be met, and opportunities with pursuing a career in sports journalism. I am focusing more on the job of a sports writer. A career in sports journalism would be a good career for me because sports are intriguing to me, I view this career as an achievable career, and the job fits my lifestyle. Per Shelly Field, sports writers can work for local newspapers, large publishers, or magazines. The writer is given a certain topic to writeRead MoreChoosing A Hobby Writer For Your Website Essay899 Words   |  4 Pagesimproving a websites ranking: An experienced writer has mastered the ins and outs of creating optimized content for Google. Therefore, those who hire hobby writers increase the likelihood of potential visitors finding the site. Unique, interesting content will entice these visitors to check back and see whats new with hobby writing on the photographers site. By hiring a hobby writer, the photographer can concentrate on taking amazing pictures and the writer can create new, interesting optimized contentRead MoreLiterary Art And Creative Writing1350 Words   |  6 PagesPeople often wonder why writer’s write. What compels them to sit down with a pencil in hand and stare at a blank page until words slowly start to come? . Writers are similar to artist, as they are compelled to express themselves and helps make art out of everyday, ordinary moments. Writers produce various forms of literary art and creative writing such as novels, short stories, poetry, plays, screenplays, and essays as well as various  reports and news articles that may be of interestRead MoreAre You A Freelance Writer Looking For A Challenge?860 Words   |  4 PagesAre you a freelance writer looking for a challenge? 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Evaluates the site’s effectiveness (again, ideas from your preanalysis below will be helpful). ThisRead MoreProcess Of Writing : Writing1232 Words   |  5 Pagesthing we learn when starting the path of learning is listening. A long time ago, my grandfather used to say for me, â€Å"Do you listen to learn something or do you listen just to reply?† If you think about it, it’s true, and I believe most of us just listen to reply. Writing skills can never be separated from important skills such as quotation, citation, grammar and spelling. If a writer can establish those tools in combination with each other, then the writing process becomes easier than ever. The most

Education Beyond the Classroom Free Essays

The assignment is going to outline how ‘Eureka! A Museum for Children’ plays a part in learning outside the classroom environment. The museum will be examined to see how it plays a role in life-long learning. We define learning outside the classroom as: â€Å"The use of places other than the classroom for teaching and learning. We will write a custom essay sample on Education Beyond the Classroom or any similar topic only for you Order Now † Every young person should experience the world beyond the classroom as an essential part of learning and personal development, whatever their age, ability or circumstances. Learning is a process of active engagement with experience. It is what people do when they want to make sense of the world. It may involve the development or deepening of skills, knowledge, understanding, awareness, values, ideas and feelings, or an increase in the capacity to reflect. Effective learning leads to change, development and the desire to learn more. (DfEE 2000) Learning outside the classroom is about raising achievement through an organised, powerful approach to learning in which direct experience is of prime importance. This is not only about what we learn but importantly how and where we learn. (Learning Outside the Classroom (2006)) †¦ museums and galleries †¦, in themselves, understood as educational establishment. They were set up to enable people to educate themselves†¦ Museums were one opportunity among many of acquiring knowledge. (Hooper-Greenhill 1994, p. 1) Museums are still very much thought of as educational establishments but the audience for whom they cater for varies very much from one museum to another. Formal and informal educations are two terms that are used to describe the type of education that a person receives. Formal is the set ‘curriculum’ that is taught in the traditional school setting. Whereas informal education is the curriculum taught in museums or other institutes that are outside of the schools. (Hein 1998, p. 7) Children’s museums are not museums in the traditional sense. They are different in their missions, in their approach and in their specifically targeted age-group. (Pearce 1998, p. 19) Eureka! s a museum that has been specially designed for a specific age group, and is the UK’s first and foremost museum for children. Historical context of Eureka! Eureka was first opened in July 1992 by HRH The Prince of Wales, as an educational charity, the idea for Eureka was modelled on the North American concept of a Children’s Museum and remains to be the only museum of its type and scale. The basis of children’s museums is in interactivity, learning by doing, learning through fun, learning through play. (Pearce 1998, p. 6) Since it has opened it has enjoyed unrivalled success, proving popular with children, parents and teachers alike. At Eureka! there are over 400 hands on, must touch exhibits, each teaching children more about themselves and reflecting the world in which they are growing up in, it is achieved by a fun approach to learning and development. Eureka! meets National Curriculum requirements, it has six themed galleries and a full programme of interactive workshops covering an imaginative range of curriculum themes to support Foundation, KS1 and KS2 learning. The education service aims to take the hassle out of school visits by providing fully structured itineraries, picnic and storage facilities, staff support, teaching resources and work sheets. Museums are the world of ‘infotainment’ and ‘edutainment’ where people have fun but also learn something. (Pearce 1998, p. 80) Learning Experiences Teachers are provided with an education resource pack which includes detailed notes on how to get the best from each of the museum’s section and indicates links to the National Curriculum. There are also special workshops which may be booked for school classes. (Pearce 1998, p. 7) The museum also provides special designed packages for the school holidays and Science activities, also sleepovers that have to be pre-booked. ‘Me and My Body’ encourages children to find out more about themselves by using the exhibits to discover how the body and the five different senses work, also it enables visitors to use various aids to experience what it is like to have a disability. ‘Living and Working Together’ that recreates an environment where visitors can discover the mysteries of daily life and try out the jobs people do in the many buildings on a high street and in the house.. Our Global Garden’ helps children the familiar ‘backyard’ to amazing gardens that exist in the world. It is themed around seven different ‘gardens’; each telling their own unique story, whilst emphasising the inter-relationships between them, finding out what makes them precious and how best to look after them. ‘SoundSpace’ provides children with a unique experience, enabling them to explore and understand sound, music and performance through state-of-the-art techno logy, by exploring the physics of sound by seeing and feeling vibrations and creating their very own musical sequences. Throughout the experience, Sound Space aims to enhance the understanding of Science, Technology, Engineering and Maths (STEM) by exploring the unique relationships that exist between music and creativity, science, technology and the arts in a fun and accessible way. Over the past three years Eureka! has been the lead partner for Creative Minds, a ? 3. 8 million pound regional initiative to encourage children’s interest and learning in STEM; to help in the creation of a future workforce. The ‘Creative Minds’ project is to provide young people with learning opportunities in STEM from 2003 to 2006. Over 15,000 learning opportunities have been delivered to both young people, their teachers and those who work in the sector. (Publication Material, Creative Minds (2005)) ‘SoundGarden and Desert Discovery’, these galleries aim to extend opportunities in the museum for babies and young children to develop their senses and stretch their imaginations. These galleries support early education principles of learning through play, reflecting the intentions of the Birth to Three Matters framework and the Foundation Stage curriculum. It is expected that the lifespan of exhibits vary from 5-7 years and that the cost of devising, designing, fabricating and installing new exhibits in the future will need to be raised from various sources including charitable foundations and corporate sponsorships. (Pearce 1998, p. 67) The latest two galleries opened in 2004 and respectively in 2005. The museum needs to keep abreast of changes in school education; for example, the National Curriculum, that now emphasises on practical experience. (McLean 2003, p. 113) Meticulous care is taken when devising and developing new exhibits for a children’s museum, to ensure that they will engage the target audience and enable them to learn as well as have fun. Exhibits are tested and modified in the light of children’s reaction and views. There are opportunities for comments and suggestions. As child-centred organisations the museums concentrate their resources on ensuring that they serve the needs of the children. (Pearce 1998, p. 113) The learning experiences found in Eureka! helps the child to make sense of the world around them by making links between feelings and learning. This is part of life-long learning as these feelings stay with the child into adulthood and affect their behaviour, lifestyle and work. It influences their values and the decisions made. It allows the child to transfer learning experienced outside to the classroom and vice versa. A commitment to life-long learning can demonstrate a positive social role for a museum and can also meet the demands from funding bodies for demonstrating public benefit and greater public accountability. (American Association of Museums 1993 cited in McLean 2003, p. 114) Inclusitivity Eureka! is a registered Educational Charitable Trust, in 1987 with the support of the museum’s patron, HRH The Prince of Wales, business sponsorship, government grants and the local council, it found its town centre site in Halifax, it later opened in 1992. The museum is situated five minutes from the motorway in Halifax town centre, next to the railway station on a 12. 5 acre site. It is a two storey, visible steel, stone and glass exposed structure. The whole site is accessible to wheelchair users and there is level access with a lift between floors. The convenience of location and ease of access is an important dominant of usage, the access includes physical access for those who are physically disabled. A limited number of wheelchairs are available on loan and also has special parking for them. It has not debarred the disabled and has attempted to provide for their needs. (McLean 2003, p. 134) For anyone with visual or hearing impairments, there is a full range of multi-sensory, highly stimulating exhibits available. Programmes can be adapted for particular needs as long as the museum is informed beforehand for school groups. Museum information is available in large print and houses a ‘Talking map’ that talks in four different languages. It is ideal for partially sighted individuals but it does not include any Braille for the blind people, so in this case it is a disadvantage for this certain group. Throughout the entire museum there is no inclusion for the blind, even though the galleries and the museum are designed so that these consumers are still able to visit, but it can not be done alone, they need someone to accompany them but the essential carers are admitted free. The talking map also caters for people whose first language is not English. The site is well lit, with colourful lighting that attracts and engages the children into wanting to explore. The signage for directions are appropriate for the audience for whom it caters for, the children mostly, they are all big and colourful with pictures as well as writing. The gallery signage and information is at average eyelevel for all aged grouped children and legible. The toilets for both the able and disabled toilets are clearly marked and changing facilities are also available. The museum was established as an educational charity and not for profit organisation, therefore Eureka! receives no government funding and must rely upon admission fees. These admission fees combined with transport costs mean that individuals from disadvantaged backgrounds or in areas of deprivation are missing out on the experiences that are offered. The prices are debarring a group of individuals from using the museums. These independent museums depend on visitors, it is consumer oriented, and has to be user-friendly, so it has an instinct and a need to reach out and serve their public. Sekers cited in McLean 2003, p. 30) The museum has offers for educational visits and large groups in order to reduce the cost of the visits to the museum, but on an individual family outing the prices are fixed. (Eureka! Publication Material, Appendix I) Health Safety The building has its own risk assessment form that must be filled out before a group of children are allowed to visit for educationa l school visits. The building and exhibits are designed to minimise risk of injury from slips, trips, falls and finger traps. All elements of the museum are constantly monitored and modified to meet current safety standards. All the signage is marked and the dangers indicated. The museum has a lost children procedure is in place with the staff having the appropriate confirmed by national qualifications. The museum has qualified First Aiders on duty every day and the staffs are checked for relevant criminal history. The maintenance activities are carried out in accordance with HSWA 1974 and MHSW Regulations 1999 by trained technicians. Electrical and portable appliance testing is carried out annually in accordance with 16th Edition Regulations. Also, the fire evacuations and training are carried out in accordance with Fire Risk Assessment and Fire Certificates. Group leaders are advised to carry out their own risk assessment in accordance with their organisations aims. (Appendix II) The museum provides the teachers with information sheets for each area of the museum. The risk assessments are available for operations and activities as appropriate with again all the signage clearly marked. As the museum is designed for ‘hands-on’ the risk assessment on all the equipment and facilities are checked daily and regularly to ensure they comply with safety regulations. Eureka! is covered by public liability and Employers liability insurances and has written accident and emergency procedures in place. Eureka! is licensed by local authority regulations for all safety, fire, plant and lifting equipment and appropriate certificates are held. Conclusion There can be no absolute blue print for children’s museums beyond the key characteristics mentioned previously. Otherwise each group or organisation will have its own emphasis and idea of what makes their museum special and important to its area. Diversity is one of the strengths of the movement. The emphasis is always on learning, exploring, on discovery. For that reason, in developing a British model it may be appropriate to adapt the term children’s discovery centre or children’s discovery museum for future use. How to cite Education Beyond the Classroom, Papers

Tennis free essay sample

With sweat streaming down my face and sunlightblinding me, I tossed the ball up. With a strong arm, I struck the ball with suchforce that it left my opponent in awe and disbelief an ace. The game oftennis and the strategy, endurance and mentality that go with it are notunderstood by everyone. Yes, eventually, it is just a game. But to me and othertrue lovers of the game, it is also a passion. Tennis gets inside me, like anelectric shock. It might seem a simple and even lazy sport, but those whoscramble to get to every ball know that not only is concentration important, butagility and tenacity as well. The inner struggle to focus and implement astrategic plan of attack, combined with the physical aspect, yields amazinglessons on and off the court. In any game, it is important to accept defeat anduse mistakes to go farther. Its not winning that matters, its knowing I pouredmy soul into trying. We will write a custom essay sample on Tennis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Alone on one side of the net with only a racquet and my mindto defend myself, giving my all is the only thing I know how to do. As with mylife in general, I have learned to do my best with what I have. Whenever achallenge comes my way, I plan a strategy to solve it, and see itthrough. Tennis is not a team sport, but I believe that by teamingup my sportsmanship, endurance and desire, I can achieve anything.Independence is pulling these qualities from within and piecing them together. Mypassion is not playing to win, but reaching higher than I thought possible andaccomplishing more than I imagined.

australian history essays

australian history essays The roaring twenties showed Australia s social life taking on more exciting and radical complexion compared to the pre - war days. In general desire to leave behind the unhappy experiences of the 1914 to 1918 war, there was a great pursuit of worldly pleasure and a breaking free from social constraints. However the depression in 1929 was brought about by factors largely beyond Australias control. In the late 1920 s the world economic situation had been steadily deteriorating. There was a significant decline in the volume of international trade and stock market crash in the USA in October 1929 greatly accelerated a general fall in prices for farm commodities. Overseas investment dried up. Australia was highly vulnerable, as it was heavily dependent on export earnings and external supplies of capital. A drastic fall in the price of wool and wheat in particular, and the standstill of overseas borrowing were the main causes of the economic crisis in Australia. I, James Scullin, was Australia's Prime Minister beginning in October 1929. The world depression was deepening and the government was divided on how to deal with it. The Labor Party lost the election of December 1931 and I remained leader of the Party until 1935. I left Parliament in 1949. Previously In 1910 I stood for Federal Parliament but lost my seat in 1913. Whilst editor of the Ballarat Evening Echo I rallied round the Labor anti-conscription cause. I failed to win a seat in the Victorian Parliament in 1920, but within two years I was back in federal politics. An inspired speaker, I was made leader of the Labor Party in 1928. I became Prime Minister in 1929 only days before the Wall Street crash. The depression resulted in mass unemployment among wage and salary earners. Severe entrenchments occurred in both the private and government sectors. Wages and salaries were reduced, thus making it difficult even for those with jobs to survi...

Essay on Biology Midterm

Essay on Biology Midterm Essay on Biology Midterm Chapter 1- Scientific Thinking * Science is an intellectual activity, encompassing observation, description, experimentation, and explanation of natural phenomena. * Biological issues permeate all aspects of our lives. To make wise decisions, it is essential for individuals and societies to attain biological literacy. * Superstition is the irrational belief that actions that are not logically related to a course of events can influence its outcome. * Because it is empirical, rational, testable, repeatable, and self-correcting, the scientific method is a particularly effective approach. * Scientific Method: * -Make observations * -Formulate a hypothesis * -Devise a testable prediction * -Conduct a critical experiment * -Draw conclusions and make revisions * A hypothesis is a proposed explanation for an observed phenomenon and must generate a testable prediction * Null hypothesis a lack of relationship between two factors * A critical experiment makes it possible to determine if a hypothesis is correct. * Theory is an explanatory hypothesis for natural phenomena that is exceptionally well supported by the empirical data. * Treatment: any experimental condition applied to the research subject * Experimental group: a group of subjects who are exposed to a particular treatment * Control group: subjects who are treated identically to the experimental group, where they are not exposed to the treatment * Variables: the characteristics of an experimental system that are subject to change * Placebo effect: people respond favorably to any treatment * Blind experimental: subjects do not know which treatment they are receiving * Double-blind experiment: neither the subjects or experiment know treatment * Biases can influence our behavior and collection and interpretation of data * Independent variable: measurable entity that is available at the start of a process (x-axis) * Dependent variable: measurable entity that is created by the process observed (y-axis) * Positive correlation: one variable incre ases, so does the other * Visual displays of data condense large amounts of information and can aid in the presentation and exploration of the data * Statistics can help us evaluate whether differences between a treatment group and control group can be attributed to the treatment rather than a random chance. * Pseudoscience: individuals make scientific claims that are not supported * Anecdotal observations: based on just one or few observations * Although the scientific method may be the most effective, it can’t give us insight into non-quantifiable, subjective information. Chapter 2- Chemistry * Element: substance that cannot be broken down chemically into any other substances * Atom: a bit of matter that cannot be subdivided any further without losing essential properties * Nucleus: center of the atom, made up of protons and neutrons * Protons: positive electric charge * Neutrons: no electric charge * Electrons: negative electric charge * Atomic Mass: the mass of an atom; made up of the combined mass of all of its protons and neutrons * Particles with the same charge repel each other, opposites attract each other * Atomic number: corresponds to have many protons it has * The mass of an atom is usually about double the element’s atomic number * The number of neutrons in the nucleus is usually equal to the number of protons, and protons and neutrons have approximately the same mass * Isotope: an atom that has extra neutrons or fewer neutrons than the number of protons * An atom’s charge doesn’t change in an isotope because neutrons have no electric c harge * Radioactive atoms: atoms that break down spontaneously after created and in the process of decomposition they release, at a constant rate, a particle carrying a lot of energy. * Elements in the human body:

Pregnancy and anorexia Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Pregnancy and anorexia - Research Paper Example Even though they are skinny but they can be easily convinced to be overweight and displays an intense fear of becoming fat. This results in dieting habits, excessive exercise, intake of laxatives and not eating. Majority of the cases reported are adolescent girls especially belonging to higher socio-economic class (Anorexia). Anorexia is turning out to be a serious disease that can be critical and more harmful during pregnancy. It may result in premature labor, low birth weight, still birth or fetal death and complications during delivery (Anorexia). The reported incidence of eating disorder is constantly showing a rise in the past 30 years. The disease could take a severe form and may result in hospitalization and death. It is affecting the females between the age-group of 14- 24 years; adolescent and child bearing age (Chizawsky, 2006). Diagnostic criteria: Loss of at least 3 consecutive menstrual periods (in women), do not want or refuse to eat in public, anxiety, weakness, brittle skin, shortness of breath, obsessivness about calorie intake (Anorexia). Medical Consequences: Shrunken bones, mineral loss, low body temperature, irregular heartbeat, and permanent failure of normal growth, development of osteoporosis and blumia nervosa. To have a healthy baby, a pregnant women must gain 25-25 pounds, but if this is told to anorexic she will take it as if she has to gain 100 pounds (Anorexia). This is the psychology which is becoming the root cause of all related complications in pregnancy and therefore anorexic pregnant women face trouble in carrying a baby to the term. Moreover, if the female is underweight and is not eating proper balanced food then the baby is in danger resulting in miscarriages or premature birth, also, this puts the baby at risk for medical complications (Anorexia). The method for undertaking this study encompasses examination of nulliparous nonsmoking women previously diagnosed with eating disorders and

Management of Massey Energy Company Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Management of Massey Energy Company - Case Study Example From this paper it is clear that Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) claimed that the company had violated safety standards more than 50 times. This proves that the 29 workers died because of poor safety standards in the mine. Instead of improving the quality of the mine’s safety, the company was always challenging the accusations of the safety agency. Another factor that proves the company should be held responsible is the unethical acts of Don Blankenship. After receiving complaints about the safety conditions in the company, the CEO ignored the complaints and instead sent a memo to the management team, asking them to focus on the firm’s production rather than improving the safety standards. It was a moral responsibility for Don to instruct the management team to shift their focus from the profitability of the company to safety. Such move would have prevented the accident from occurring. Conclusively, the mining firm is morally responsible for the deaths of i ts employees. If the company had implemented safety measures as required by MSHA, the accident would not have taken place.  

Industrial Placement Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Industrial Placement - Case Study Example This clearly implies that poor performance of the human resource is hazardous to the organisation. One of the major human resource issues faced by most organisations is the high rate of employee turnover. Problems arise in many organisations as a result of unethical practices of the management towards the employees. This leads to more employee grievances and, in turn, affects the smooth functioning of the organisation. Increased rate of employee grievance is also a cause for high employee turnover. A good human resource management can help to solve the human resource issues of an organisation. Initially it was the personnel department who dealt with the employees in the organisation. But the personnel department only dealt with the technical aspects of the employees such as staffing, remunerating etc. Later on, human resource management became a separate department to look after the welfare of the employees at the work place. "Personnel management is more administrative in nature, dealing with payroll, complying with employment law, and handling related tasks. Human resources, on the other hand, are responsible for managing a workforce as one of the primary resources that contributes to the success of an organisation." (N. Madison. 2007). The terminology changed from personnel management to human resource management when the significance of the human resources in an organisation's success was identified properly. The fact that human consideration has to be given to the employees paved way to the formation of human resource departments in the organisation. The main functio ns of the human resource management include recruiting, selecting, placing, controlling, remunerating and motivating the employees of the organisation. Though human resource management's function includes all the activities beginning from recruiting the staff the main objective of human resource management is to provide a good working environment for the employees so that the employees feel good at work. The employees should be provided with sufficient benefits and allowances apart from salary, on the basis of their performance and as per the statute governing the employees' welfare. Human resource management in an organisation is mainly based on the concept that the employees in an organisation are human beings and they are unlike other resources. Employees will have their own problems and difficulties at their workplace arising as a result of the problems in their personal life. And also human resource is a factor whose behaviour cannot be predicted by any means. This study is aimed at identifying the human resource issues existing in the hotel giant Sheraton Hotels and Resorts. The study is conducted in Sheraton New York Hotel and Towers located in New York City. Sheraton is one of the oldest and the best hotels in the world. Currently it has very good market share in the hospitality industry. The final report is addressed to the top level human resource executives of the company for helping them to resolve the problem. Objectives of the report The main objective of preparing this report is to study and analyze the major human resource issues existing in the organisation. The study is routed to some of the areas which were found to be unsatisfactory

Analysis of Krafts Takeover of Cadbury

Analysis of Krafts Takeover of Cadbury Overview Of Both Companies Cadburys origins date back to almost two centuries when it was founded by John Cadbury who started the business by selling cocoa and tea in Birmingham, UK. Later he expanded by starting a line of beverages after a merger with Indian Schweppes changing the company name to Cadbury Schweppes (Chinn 1998). Successful product developments and launches have enabled Cadbury to boast of an extensive confectionary line consisting of Cocoa Essence, Easter Eggs,Milk Chocolate, Cadbury Fingers, Dairy Milk, BournevilleChocolate, Milk Tray, Flake Creme Egg, Crunchie, Picnic, Curly windy, Wispa boost, Twirl and Time Out (Cadbury 2010). Kraft, on the other hand, is a US company about a century old, which started off as a door to door cheese business but expanded into other confectionary items through many takeovers previously such as Ritz Crackers, Nabisco (Oreos) and Phenix Cheese Corporation (Philadelphia Cheese) to achieve success (Smith 2009). It is second in terms of sales and popularity in the confectionary industry with annual revenues of $42 billion, operating in more than 150 countries (Kraft 2008). The Idea Of A Takeover Due to recessionary times following fall in sales, many companies in the confectionary industry recognized the potential of merging with their competitors to become competitive and enjoy economies of scale (Mauboussin, 2010). Cadbury had continued to be a strong performer in the confectionary industry and shown steady performance and growth in light of the turbulent economic times. Much of Cadburys growth was due to its presence in emerging global markets. Kraft was attracted to Cadbury due its strong performance during the economic crisis. This led to Krafts proposal to Cadbury of a takeover. The initial offering of $16.3 billion or 740pence per share by Kraft to Cadbury was outright rejected as derisory and an attempt by Kraft to take over Cadbury for cheap. Cadbury has had strong brands whose icons are etched in the minds all over the world, an impressive category line and extensive worldwide consumer base. Successful financial overview and steady business model reinforced Cadburys belief that it should be an independent company. Krafts bid did not come remotely close to reflecting the companys true worth. Kraft proposed another bid shortly: This comprised of an offer of  £10.1 billion ($17 billion, same terms as the first bid in September-300 pence in cash and 0.2589 Kraft shares per Cadbury shares. The closing price of 9th November reflected the bid valuation of Cadbury at 710 pence which was lower than the share price of 761p on that day. Krafts share price: $26.53; Exchange rate (as agreed): $1.66 / GBP. Ratio: 0.2589 Kraft shares per every Cadbury share (26.53/1.66 * 0.2589 =  £ 4.133 + 4.13 =  £ 7.13).This was less than the price of Cadbury on that day and even the initial level of  £ 7.45. Cadbury rejected the offer on the basis of undervalued Cadbury which was now of a lesser value. It was in fact even lower than the current Cadbury share price. The Cadbury chairman said:â€Å"Under your proposal, Cadbury would be absorbed into Krafts low growth, conglomerate business model, an unappealing prospect which contrasts sharply with our strategy to be a pure play confectionery company.† The hype created by rumors of takeover figures led to exciting speculations .Media reported Ferrero to be considering a rival bid. Hersheys confirmed its own interest for same purpose. There were not only speculations of a joint bid but also of Kohlberg Kravis Roberts Co. joining the bidding race. All this favored Cadbury whose share price witnessed new highs. Hersheys and Ferrero would struggle to bid alone and only their combined offer could beat Krafts offer. On January 18, Kraft finally managed to take over one of the worlds second largest confectionery manufacturer in a hostile bid of an enormous 11.5billion (US$19.5billion). This deal will be remembered in history as one of the largest transnational deals, especially in the aftermath of credit crunch. After four months of continuous resistance, Cadbury shareholders agreed to Krafts offering of $19.5 billion, (840 pence per share). This was agreed upon with the spirit of creating the worlds largest confectioner. This consisted of 500 pence in cash per share and the remaining amount paid to Cadbury shareholder in the form of Kraft shares. The shareholders had the power to decide the mix of amount they wanted in cash and shares.   According to estimations, the finals offer presented a multiple of 13 times Cadburys earnings in 2009 (after interest, taxes and debt were paid). The high bid price overruled the threat of Hersheys or Unilever offering a price for the same strategy, that is take over. The only rival left   was Nestle which too was reduced significantly when Cadburys Director signed the agreement that if Cadbury were to change its mind about the takeover, it would pay a handsome penalty for it, hence such a situation arising became highly unlikely. The Kraft management, led by Irene Rosenfeld also assured that Kraft had a great respect for Cadburys brands, employees and reputable history and therefore the employees of Cadbury would  Ã‚   do well in the new environment. Also, she verbally assured that under the new agreement the previous contractual rights of the employees would remain the same as before. Market Structure Of The Two Companies Cadbury and Kraft are both multinational operations with activities in both developed and developing countries. Cadbury is however the market leader in UK and Irelands confectionary where consumers have a liking for British chocolate containing vegetable oil having a richer taste in milk and also sweeter as opposed to continental chocolate having cocoa fat content; hence Kraft has a low share in such markets. Also, Cadburys strong standing in the Indian (Schweppes) and North American Markets was cleverly identified by Kraft who wanted to tap it and exploit under its own name now to add to its success story. Advantages Of The Takeover For Kraft. It was the biggest cross-border acquisition this year. Such a deal clearly pushed Kraft as number 1 dealer in confectionary. A merger allowed Kraft to gain a footing in the fast growing chewing gum category. Kraft management believes that the combination of the two companies is both a strategic as well as complimentary fit, boasting a portfolio of over 40 confectionary brands each having the ability to yield annual sales of over $100 million. A combination of Kraft products like Toblerone, Oreos and Ritz crackers with Trident gum and Dairy Milk chocolates from Cadbury would result in $625 million annual pretax cost savings on annual company costs of research and development, advertising, branding and procurement. There would also be a significant level of revenue synergy ($50 billion annually) that would subsequently result in higher earnings per share. After the takeover, Kraft would have a greater ability to compete with the giant Nestle on confectionary grounds by increasing its market share in Britain and enjoying the benefits of Cadburys strong geographical networking in Asia. Krafts growth prospects would brighten through access to new brands particularly in the confectionary department along with new distribution channels for the existing products which are outside US. These constitute about one third of the market in developing countries such as Africa, China and India. Advantages Of The Takeover For Cadbury Cadbury would profit from Krafts extensive distribution network around the globe. Cadbury had been vulnerable to a takeover ever since it demerged its US soft drinks business. This high takeover bid was an attractive opportunity to do away with such a fear. A combined Kraft and Cadbury would significantly expand the global reach of both businesses and create synergies worth in the region of $625m. Since a stand-alone Cadbury â€Å"had limited opportunities for value creation,† agreement to the contract for takeover seemed like a wise decision. Disadvantages Of The Takeover Along with the obvious benefits come the many challenges and ethical issues. These are primarily high debt issues and employee layoffs.   The high debt position of Kraft has further worsened with the takeover as funds were borrowed to pay the Cadbury shareholders a higher yield. Kraft also sold off its frozen Pizza line in order to make the takeover happen. The unions are worried that the jobs of hundreds would be at stake (estimated 9000plus) as Kraft would try to reduce costs to operate efficiently and pay back its debts. The company has also not given any formal assurance that it would protect 4500 UK jobs. Also it is a known fact that when a company needs to cut costs, jobs and job conditions suffer. The British Government also opposes takeovers of British companies by foreign giants as it nearly always leads to job losses. This takeover too was met with resistance including Gordon Browns advice and insistence against its happening but the shareholders overruled it and still went ahead with the deal. According to a Union head, â€Å"This is a very sad day for U.K. manufacturing. A successful, iconic, independent U.K. brand will now be owned by a giant company with massive debt.† In the face of such a scenario, even if employees are laid off it will not affect those who are rich and/ or are major shareholders in the company.   For example, if the chairman, Roger Carr gets axed, he would still walk away with $30 million! This proves that it is the low level managers and employees who feel the vulnerability of such an action. According to David Bailey, professor at Coventry University Business School; Serious questions need to be asked about Krafts intentions†¦ Kraft already has a track record of cutting production and moving production abroad†¦ Theres no guarantee that theyll keep production in the UK in the long run. When employees of both companies were interviewed to ask about their view points, most expressed fear and uncertainty. They were resistant to the idea of such a large company where their positions and titles might be reduced or lost due to the massive structure. They are also despondent of their lack of involvement in this decision. According to one employee, â€Å"nobody really knows what is going to happen, but it is definitely not going to be pleasant.† A disadvantage for Krafts shareholders of the takeover is that they now mentally feel less financially strong as assets were being sold and the entire pizza production plant worth $3.7 billion was sold to raise money for the takeover. The Market Theories Being Practiced The Market theory witnessed in such a situation is a combination of globalization practiced over countries and between countries of the two companies having their origins in US and UK. The practice generated by Kraft, in this case, was that of a hostile takeover, where the big company used its aggressive stance on growth to acquire a smaller company. This is a very certain way to achieve company growth. In the event of a significant bid for shares, the shareholders are likely accept the offer but the board of directors more likely to resist. This is exactly what happened with this takeover too, however due to low bid price initially, the shareholders were not inclined towards the idea until the bid became impossible to resist. Some Kraft shareholders too were also strongly against this idea, especially Warren Buffett who felt that Kraft was overpaying Cadbury when there was no need for Cadburys products in Krafts portfolio for long term growth. He expressed his desire of wishing to stop the takeover if he could. Conclusion Objectively speaking, when takeovers of such a   nature occurs; Two large companies come under one brand name, with the larger one burdened with high debt, the risk of business coming down due to conflicts in operation strategies in the near future are highly likely to occur. These are not realized when the benefits of the takeover are being discussed and third parties involved in its happenings are proactive as they too are making money. These parties are usually the deal makers, lawyers and other advisers who earn their commissions irrespective of whether the deal is eventually a success or a failure. Referencing Chinn, C. The Cadbury story: a short history (1998). Brewin Books. Shwartz, S.,(2005).HosTorScience Fiction, reprint, Tom Doherty Associates Faulkner, D., (2002)Strategy, Taylor and Francis Griffin, R.,(2009)Management,5,Houghton Mifflin Slater, R., (1999), illustrated, Beard Books. Hasian, Jr, 2008, Journal of Communication Inquiry, 32,249-270 www.kraftfoodscompany.com www.cadbury.co.uk www.unitetheunion.com www.ft.com www.cnn.com/2010/BUSIN Smith, A.F., Eating History: Thirty Turning Points in the Making of American Cuisine. (2009) Columbia University Press, 286-92. Maboussin, M. J. Surge in the Urge to Merge. (2010). Legg Mason Capital Management.

Christian Justice and Righteousness Essay -- Martin Luther, theology, s

As a reformer, Martin Luther certainly changed the world of the Church. Would you say that his opposition to the existing religious authority of his day could be justified from a scriptural standpoint? How might it not? Which biblical principles affect your own responsibility to promote justice and righteousness when such actions come into conflict with an established order? Â   The actions of Martin Luther in the 1500s have reached almost mythical stature among Christians. Luther's deeds had much more radical consequences than he could have foreseen as he first challenged the existing church. He sparked a revolution of thought, a break from the Roman Catholic Church system and a return to a faith based upon Scripture alone. Though Martin Luther's choices were for an essential cause and brought fantastic results, a question must be answered before Christians can truly call him a hero of the faith. The question is this: Was Luther's challenge of his earthly authorities justifiable by the scripture? Â   The answer is not instantly obvious, nor do the Scriptur...

Pinnacle case study part ii Essay

The company is privately held, but there is a large amount of debt, so the financial statement -may be used extensively. Also, management is considering selling the Machine-Tech division, which has the potential to result in extensive use of the statement by buyers. 2. Item 6 in the planning phase indicates plans for additional debt financing. Likelihood of financing difficulties: 1. The solar power engine business revolves around changing technology, therefore making it inherently more risky than other business, with a better chance of bankruptcy. The first item in the planning issues raises a concern about the viability of the division, but not the entire company. 2. Part 1 of the case was that the likelihood of financial failure is low, even with the issues of the company. 3. Item 9 in the planning phase requires a current ratio of 2.0 and if fall below that, this could result in the loan being called. Management integrity: No major issues exist that would cause the auditor to question the integrity of the management. However, auditor should have done client acceptance procedure before accepting the client. There are a few factors in which fraudulent financing reporting may occur. b. Acceptable audit risk is medium to low because of the factors listed in part (a) and the planned increase in financing and the potential violation of the debt covenant agreement. This might be low because this is the first year audit. c. 1. Inherent Risk: No effect on inherent risk 2. Inherent Risk: The primary concern is the possibility of obsolete inventory, which affects the valuation of inventory at the lower of cost or market. Account Affected: Inventory, cost of goods sold Audit Objectives: Transaction-related 3. Inherent Risk: There is potential related party transaction, which could  affect the valuation of the transaction, which could affect the valuation of the transaction and may require disclosure as a related party transaction. Account affected: Manufacturing equipment, footnote Audit objectives: Transaction-related, presentation and disclosure-related 4. Inherent Risk: This involves a nonroutine transaction where there is a risk that materials, labor, and overhead are incorrectly applied to the property accounts. Account affected: Property accounts, inventory, cost of good sold Audit objectives: balance-related 5. Inherent Risk: There may be a major collection problem with outstanding receivables of 15% from a customer for several months. This could result in an understatement of the allowance for uncollectible accounts. Account affected: Account receivable, bad debt expense, and allowance for uncollectible accounts. Audit objectives: balance-related 6. Inherent Risk: No effect on inherent risk 7. Inherent Risk: There may be a related party transaction, which could affect valuation of the transaction and may require disclosure. Account affected: Account payable, Repairs expense Audit objectives: Transaction-related 8. Inherent Risk: This does not affect inherent risk directly, but it is possible that the turnover of internal audit personnel could increase the risk of fraudulent financial reporting. The turnover may also affect the auditor’s assessment of control risk. Account affected: All accounts Audit objectives: transaction, balance, presentation and disclosure-related 9. Inherent Risk: In addition to affecting AAR, the auditor should be concerned about the risk of fraudulent financial reporting due to incentive to make certain that all debt covenants have been met. Account affected: All accounts Audit objectives: transaction, balance, presentation and disclosure-related 10. Inherent Risk: An ongoing dispute with the IRS might require adjustment to income tax liability or a disclosure in footnotes for a contingency, depending on the status of the dispute. Account affected: Income tax expense and income tax payable Audit objectives: balance-related 11. Inherent risk: This situation involves related party transaction because this transaction was not conducted with an outside party. It is possible that the related receivable and payable might not have been properly eliminated on Pinnacle’s consolidated financial statements. Account affected: Notes payable, notes receivable, interest expense, and interest income. Audit objectives: Transaction and balance-related

Planet Earth and Geomagnetism essays

Planet Earth and Geomagnetism essays Geomagnetism refers to the study of earth's magnetism. Generation of the magnetic field appears to be related to the motion of fluid upon the earth. "It electrically conducts the material within the earth, and the planet acts as a self-exciting dynamo" [Encarta Encyclopedia 1998]. The conducting material and the geomagnetic field may mutually control each other. Study of this theory is called magnetohydrodynamics or hydromagnetics. The study of how the magnetic field Ha changed throughout the earth's history, called paleomagnetism, provided the first strong theories of plate tectonics. More proof of this theory is the fact that the surface of the earth has a negative charge. Although the conductivity of the air near the earth is small, air is not a perfect insulator, and the negative charge would drain off quickly if it were not continuously replenished in some way. The magnetic poles do not correspond with the geographic poles of its axis, and the position of the magnetic poles is not constant and shows an appreciable change from year to year. Variations in the magnetic field of the earth include secular variation - the change in the direction of the field caused by shifting of the poles. This is a periodic variation that repeats itself after 960 years. A smaller annual variation also exists, as does diurnal, or daily, which can only be detected by sensitive instruments. Measurements of the secular variation show that the entire magnetic field has a tendency to drift westward at the rate of 12 - 15 miles per year. There is also the theoretical elementary particle containing only one magnetic pole; it is called a monopole. All known magnetic particles are dipole in nature - that is, they contain both a "north" and "south" magnetic pole - but the possible existence of magnetic monopoles was proposed by symmetry theories in the 1930's. This idea remains part of currents grand unification theories that are attempting to bring togeth...

Peyote Use by Native Americans essays

Peyote Use by Native Americans essays Today there are few narcotics in the United States that have widespread legal use. Cocaine, marijuana and LSD are illegal drugs. There possession and or consumption is illegal. Peyote however, is one drug that is illegal but, the federal government has made certain exceptions allowing the use of peyote provided users meet certain criteria set forth by the government. With the United States having launched a full scale war on drugs, many feel that the government making exceptions for certain groups to use drugs is unjust, and sends a confusing message for our children. Should any certain group be allowed to use or possess a drug with no legal consequences? Peyote is a hallucinogen which grows naturally in parts of the southwest United States and Mexico, mainly around the Rio Grande River. High doses of Peyote will cause an amphetamine like reaction, increasing blood pressure, pulse and respirations. More notably, high doses of peyote cause a person to have vivid, colorful hallucinations, impairing color and space perception (Alcohol). Surprisingly a persons insight is retained and there is a wide margin of safety while on the drug. Peyote grows in the form of a spineless cactus. The cactus is blue-green in color, bears small pink flowers and has a carrot shaped root. The mushroom-like crown, called a peyote, or mescal button is cut off often chewed, brewed as a tea, or rolled into pellets and swallowed for its narcotic effect. The active substance in peyote is mescaline, a naturally occurring, psychomimetic drug. Peyote tastes bitter, it causes an initial feeling of nausea, then produces visions, changes in perception, time sense and mood. There are no uncomfortable after effects such as a hangover. Peyote is not a physiologically habit forming. That is, a person cannot become chemically dependent on peyote. In 1970, Congress passed a Controlled Substance Act which specifically prohibit...

Supply chain management at Wal-Mart Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Supply chain management at Wal-Mart - Essay Example The paper "Supply chain management at Wal-Mart" discovers supply chain management at Wal-Mart. Wal-Mart’s core strategy was to provide quality merchandise at everyday low prices which necessitated substantial cost management practices which would make the strategy sustainable. This was attained primarily through having effective innovations for purchase, distribution and retail management strategies. The purchasing strategy operated through Wal-Mart’s gradual development of an exclusive group of suppliers which partially if not wholly was devoted entirely to supplying to Wal-Mart. The central strategy in its purchasing behavior was to eradicate the middlemen from the transactions and establish direct relations with the producers. Wal-Mart’s largest suppliers began to devote entire offices to handling supplying to Wal-Mart stores in bulk. The scale economies reaped thus allowed a significant lowering of purchase prices. Additionally, through sourcing products glob ally and directly from producers, Wal-Mart was able to become the sole buyer which therefore had huge control over prices. This led to development of private label, low priced alternatives to various branded merchandise which appealed to people and contributed significantly to enhanced sales. Wal-Mart’s distribution strategy has also been one of the core areas that have contributed substantially to its competitive advantage. The location of new stores has strategically been chosen so that each distribution centre can cater to a clout of outlets.

American Banking Industry Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

American Banking Industry - Research Paper Example As a point of fact, banks are often and highly criticized due to being so driven towards profit maximization. Given this, banks often neglect its responsibility to the people as well as the environment. That is to say, banks may be directly or indirectly participating in harming the human beings and nature.   Review of Related Literatures This section aims at presenting an overview of the kinds of literature related to the topic of American banking industry. ... The expediency of this section is to help grasp an outlook on how to understand the topic under study. In this regard, this review of related kinds of literature is divided and categorized into the following segments which are: a) History of Banking Industry in America, b) The Role of the Banking Industry in the Social, Economic, and Political Setting of America, c) The Domestic and International Ethics, d) Ecological and Natural Resources, e) The Social Issues Faced by American Banking Industry, and f) The Corporate Stakeh olders Response to the Issues Confronting the American Banking Industry. a) History of Banking Industry in America According to Goyal and Joshi (2011), 2000 BC marks the earliest record of banking activity. During this era, the merchants lent money to the traders as well as farmers in Assyria and Babylonia. In this regard, it can be said that in the entire world, the industry of banking is among the oldest (Goyal & Joshi, 2011). In the United States of America, the earliest record of modern commercial banking industry had started in the year 1782 in Philadelphia (Mishkin & Serletis, 2010). According to Mishkin and Serletis (2010), the Bank of North America had been a success which triggered other banks to operate in America. On the one hand, 1791 marked the charter of Bank of the United States. This bank had functioned as a private bank and at the same time, a central bank that had an obligation to the economy of the whole society. However, its charter expired in 1811 which had lead to the establishment of another bank in 1816. Such charter of the Second Bank of the United States came to end in 1836 as Andrew Jackson rejected its rechartering.

Fallacy Spotting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Fallacy Spotting - Essay Example a time that there was a claim that a school head in one of the states in the U.S was engaging in gay activities with small boys, hence sodomizing the boys. Such a claim went on and on until many people begun to generalize that school heads in that State sodomize school boys. Such a claim is categorized under hasty generalizations as it is unethical to use one isolated case to make a generalization over all school heads in the whole State. This claim is therefore based on inadequate evidence (Julia). It will be unfair to make such an unfortunate claim that will go to an extent of tarnishing the names of all school heads in the whole State without any adequate evidence (Purdue). It therefore doesn’t meet the required threshold of a claim that should be considered to be generalized to all the school heads in the State. The conclusion of the claim is therefore hasty and fallacious (Nizkor). It is also a hasty and fallacious conclusion that can be reached after interviewing just one person on a University on whether they can speak French, and if they say they don’t speak French, then your conclusion is that everyone in the University doesn’t speak French

Benefits of Distance Learning Essay Example for Free

Benefits of Distance Learning Essay The benefits of distance learning are apparent as distance learning aims at meeting student’s needs. The offered outline is composed according to student’s needs and abilities. The most important factor affecting many future students who are willing to study is financial problems. Therefore firstly they consider financial benefits of any type of learning. Ability to take part-time job along with ability to save money plays an important role in choosing studying course. Students having financial problems also consider benefits in time management and distance learning gives the opportunity to study when it is convenient for a student. Therefore time management benefits have to follow financial ones. Furthermore, effectiveness of studying process is also a matter of concern for future students. Ability to correspond with teachers and other students via e-mail, telephone and chat rooms offers wide range of studying opportunities. Constant access to on-line libraries and data bases affects student’s choice. Students having full-time and part-time jobs would be able to pass exams during their available time. Finally, social benefits take the last place, because considerations about financial and studying benefits are more important in modern society as education is very expensive and one firstly thinks abut the ability to pay for the course and only then about the opportunities to lead social life. References Distance Learning Benefits. (2005). Retrieved October, 27, 2006, from http://www. distance-learning-college-guide. com/distance-learning-benefits. html

Leonardo da Vinci :: History Biography

Leonardo da Vinci Painter, sculptor, inventor. Born April 15, 1452 near the village of Vinci, Italy. He was the illegitimate son of Ser Piero da Vinci, a prominent notary of Florence, who had no other children until much later. Ser Piero raised his son himself, a common practice at the time, arranging for Leonardo's mother to marry a villager. When Leonardo was 15, his father apprenticed him to Andrea del Verrocchio, the leading artist of Florence and a characteristic talent of the early Renaissance. A sculptor, painter, and goldsmith, Verrocchio was a remarkable craftsman, and his great skill and passionate concern for quality of execution, as well as his interest in expressing the vital mobility of the human figure, were important elements in Leonardo's artistic formation. Indeed, much in Leonardo's approach to art was evolutionary from tradition rather than revolutionary against it, although the opposite is often true of his results. After completing his apprenticeship, Leonardo stayed on as an assistant in Verrocchio's shop, and his earliest known painting is a product of his collaboration with the master. In Verrocchio's Baptism of Christ (ca. 1475), Leonardo executed one of the two angels, a fact already recorded in the 16th century, as well as the distant landscape, and he added the final touches to the figure of Christ, determining the texture of the flesh. Collaboration on a major project by a master and his assistant was standard procedure in the Italian Renaissance. What is special is that Leonardo's work is not, as was usual, a slightly less skilled version of Verrocchio's manner of painting but an original approach altering it. It completely possesses all the fundamental qualities of Leonardo's mature style and implies a criticism of the early Renaissance. By changing hard metallic surface effects to soft yielding ones, making edges less cutting, and increasing the slight modulations of light and shade, Leonardo evoked a new flexibility within the figures. This "soft union," as Giorgio Vasari called it, is also present in the special lighting and is emphatically developed in the spiral turn of the angel's head and body and the vast depth of the landscape. Apparently Leonardo had painted one extant work, the Annunciation in Florence, before this. It is much nearer to Verrocchio in the stability of the two figures shown in profile, the clean precision of the decorative details, and the large simple shapes of the trees, but it already differs in the creamier modeling of the faces. Leonardo da Vinci :: History Biography Leonardo da Vinci Painter, sculptor, inventor. Born April 15, 1452 near the village of Vinci, Italy. He was the illegitimate son of Ser Piero da Vinci, a prominent notary of Florence, who had no other children until much later. Ser Piero raised his son himself, a common practice at the time, arranging for Leonardo's mother to marry a villager. When Leonardo was 15, his father apprenticed him to Andrea del Verrocchio, the leading artist of Florence and a characteristic talent of the early Renaissance. A sculptor, painter, and goldsmith, Verrocchio was a remarkable craftsman, and his great skill and passionate concern for quality of execution, as well as his interest in expressing the vital mobility of the human figure, were important elements in Leonardo's artistic formation. Indeed, much in Leonardo's approach to art was evolutionary from tradition rather than revolutionary against it, although the opposite is often true of his results. After completing his apprenticeship, Leonardo stayed on as an assistant in Verrocchio's shop, and his earliest known painting is a product of his collaboration with the master. In Verrocchio's Baptism of Christ (ca. 1475), Leonardo executed one of the two angels, a fact already recorded in the 16th century, as well as the distant landscape, and he added the final touches to the figure of Christ, determining the texture of the flesh. Collaboration on a major project by a master and his assistant was standard procedure in the Italian Renaissance. What is special is that Leonardo's work is not, as was usual, a slightly less skilled version of Verrocchio's manner of painting but an original approach altering it. It completely possesses all the fundamental qualities of Leonardo's mature style and implies a criticism of the early Renaissance. By changing hard metallic surface effects to soft yielding ones, making edges less cutting, and increasing the slight modulations of light and shade, Leonardo evoked a new flexibility within the figures. This "soft union," as Giorgio Vasari called it, is also present in the special lighting and is emphatically developed in the spiral turn of the angel's head and body and the vast depth of the landscape. Apparently Leonardo had painted one extant work, the Annunciation in Florence, before this. It is much nearer to Verrocchio in the stability of the two figures shown in profile, the clean precision of the decorative details, and the large simple shapes of the trees, but it already differs in the creamier modeling of the faces.

John Muir :: essays research papers

The story takes place at Yosemite National Park from 1838-1914. John Muir was a botanist, geologist, and writer. He had overcome earthquakes, glaciers, and he climbs mountains. John Muir had impressed by overcoming all the dangers like animals. He was an expert on wilderness. He knows survival skills to stay alive. He studies nature and he writes about nature. He made a national park system as well as the Sierra Club. He knew that the Native Americans called the place "Pohono," or spirit of the puffing wind. At first he called it a "dainty little fall...only about fifteen or twenty feet high." John laughed after discovering that Bridalveil Fall drops 620 feet. He writes all kinds of quotes about nature, for example: "I am captive, I am bound. Love of pure unblemished Nature seems to overmaster and blur out of sight all other objects and considerations." John works in his "scribble den." John had two brothers and five sisters and their names are: Margaret, Sarah, David, Dan, Mary, Annie, and Joanna. For several years, he had toyed with writing up his findings for publication. Jeanne Carr was the one that encouraged him. She even suggested titles and copied his notes. John decided to send an article to the New York Tribune. To his surprise, the newspaper published "Yosemite Glaciers" on December 5, 1871, and paid him $200, that was a lot of money back then. On New Year’s Day in 1872, the same newspaper printed "Yosemite in Winter." John thought that he might be able to earn his living by writing, what he called "pen work." He stayed in his cabin for the winter and wrote it.

Hip-Hop’s Betrayal of Black Women Essay

According to Jennifer Mclune, a writer, activist, and librarian, sexism, and homophobia saturate hip-hop culture and any deviation from these forms of bigotry is made marginal to its most dominant and lucrative expressions. In her article â€Å"Hip hops betrayal of black women† Published on first of July 2006, Mclune is informing and trying to persuade her audience of this generation of teenagers and young adults, also seen as millennials, that hip-hop songs that have these elements of woman-hating, sexism, and homophobia, are basically a normal thing and it should not be because it causes an influence and makes the actions seem like it’s okay to commit rather than seeing it as something offensive. She claims that â€Å"Hip-hop owes its success to the ideology of woman-hating† By this, she means that it creates, perpetuates, and reaps the rewards of objectification. I strongly agree with Mclune she feels that the hip-hop world has degraded women and it became the †norm† so people became blinded so, now it’s time to fight back. To help support my claim, Mclune uses real-life evidence/examples such as song lyrics, another article similar to her topic, and language. First off Mclune starts off addressing Kevin Powell’s ’’ notes of hip-hop heads ’’ and he states how poverty breeds into sexism and that hip-hop is saturated with the past and homophobia. Mclune feels that that’s a way to silence the feminist critiques of the culture. Mclune also states how Powell forgets to mention the fact that women too were raised in the violent and poor environments as men too. Basically, it shouldn’t excuse the fact that men are degrading women through the hip-hop culture. When we as black females need to stand up and gain knowledge on how the hip-hop world participates in women-hating. You have men writing songs about black women pain, but have rappers such as jay-z who has lyrics such as I pimp hard on a trick. In particularly this article written by Sharpley Whiting called †Pimp Up, Ho’s Down† Whiting argues that hip hop’s commercial success is heavily dependent upon young black women. Creating both, this masculine and misogynistic gap in understanding the real complexities of young black women in hip hop’s commercial art. The color prejudice and sexually charged lyrics in a dominated culture, hip-hop. Whiting also states how the millennium generation has grown into the wake of the hip-hop culture, blinded by their unconscious participation, they fail to connect the destruction of feminism in hip-hop, this statement is similar to what Mclune has been saying throughout her article. It is not hip hop itself that has made the uniqueness of its own culture, but it is hip-hop itself that normalizes it. It’s very understandable that the hip-hop world bases their lyrics on real-life situations but the things that are said about such as †gold diggers,† † chicken heads† about women shouldn’t be motioned because it doesn’t do anything but make those situations become the norm. In an article written by Dr. Johnnetta Cole argues in her article that there is a â€Å"war between the sexes†. Also, that hip-hop plays a significant influence on is battle that has been going on since the 60’s. We as black women need to stand our ground for something that we believe in, which is treating us with respect and not degrading us in hip hops music. The sense of impudence toward the woman is being noticed by boys and girls at an early age. Therefore, to them it seems that what is being said and demonstrated in videos is okay. The ruthless and tyrannical gender talk in today’s hip-hop music must be put to rest, but to do that we must chan ge the way we put out our message. Words can be very motivating and inspiring, but you can’t influence someone by humiliating others.

Free Essays on The River

Flannery O’Connor’s â€Å"The River†: A Story of Faith? Flannery O’Connor’s story â€Å"The River† is a story of faith. The main character of the story is a young boy whose real name is Harry Ashfield. Although his real name is Harry he tells people his name is Bevel. Bevel is introduced to Christianity by Mrs. Connin, who is a babysitter that his parents have hired to take care of him. â€Å"The River† is about Bevel and his exploration of religious faith. This story is a good example that a person who is a little devil and has no religious background can change his beliefs and start to have faith in god. Bevel is a joker and is used to living everything out as a joke, almost nothing is of a serious matter to him. Bevel does not come from a religious family. In matter of fact it is said that, â€Å"If he had thought about it before, he would have thought Jesus Christ was a word like ‘oh’ or ‘damm’ or ‘God’ or maybe somebody.† (160). It can be seen that he did not even have any religious background and no knowledge of a god existing. His family becomes angry with Mrs. Connin when she told them that he was baptized. But thanks to Mrs. Connin, Bevel acquires some faith and returns to the river to try to find the Kingdom of Christ. Mrs. Connin’s introduction of Christianity to Bevel was successful because he went from having no faith to returning to the river that he was baptized at. The baptism performed by the preacher prepares us for the last scene of the story. The baptism taken place in the river and Bevel’s search of the ki ngdom of Christ brings him back to the river which leads to his death. The final scene of the story is a puzzle because it is not clear what exactly happens to Bevel, but it can be taken that he drowned in the river. This is a horror because Bevel wanted to find the Kingdom of Christ that the preacher said was in the river. Because of what the preacher said, Bevel returned to the river... Free Essays on The River Free Essays on The River Flannery O’Connor’s â€Å"The River†: A Story of Faith? Flannery O’Connor’s story â€Å"The River† is a story of faith. The main character of the story is a young boy whose real name is Harry Ashfield. Although his real name is Harry he tells people his name is Bevel. Bevel is introduced to Christianity by Mrs. Connin, who is a babysitter that his parents have hired to take care of him. â€Å"The River† is about Bevel and his exploration of religious faith. This story is a good example that a person who is a little devil and has no religious background can change his beliefs and start to have faith in god. Bevel is a joker and is used to living everything out as a joke, almost nothing is of a serious matter to him. Bevel does not come from a religious family. In matter of fact it is said that, â€Å"If he had thought about it before, he would have thought Jesus Christ was a word like ‘oh’ or ‘damm’ or ‘God’ or maybe somebody.† (160). It can be seen that he did not even have any religious background and no knowledge of a god existing. His family becomes angry with Mrs. Connin when she told them that he was baptized. But thanks to Mrs. Connin, Bevel acquires some faith and returns to the river to try to find the Kingdom of Christ. Mrs. Connin’s introduction of Christianity to Bevel was successful because he went from having no faith to returning to the river that he was baptized at. The baptism performed by the preacher prepares us for the last scene of the story. The baptism taken place in the river and Bevel’s search of the ki ngdom of Christ brings him back to the river which leads to his death. The final scene of the story is a puzzle because it is not clear what exactly happens to Bevel, but it can be taken that he drowned in the river. This is a horror because Bevel wanted to find the Kingdom of Christ that the preacher said was in the river. Because of what the preacher said, Bevel returned to the river... Free Essays on The River THE RIVER The River written by Gary Paulsen is a sequel to the book â€Å"The Hatchet.† This book is about a boy named Brian Robeson who has survived months in the woods by himself and now goes back to the woods to show and teach people how to survive. Three men have come to Brian’s house to ask him if he would go back to the woods to survive again. They want to write everything down and make a â€Å"survival book† for other people to read. After much thought and talking his mom and dad into it, Brian decides to go. Derek Holtzer, a psychologist, will go with Brian to the woods and document everything Brian does to survive. They are flown to the place that they have picked out. Brian decides that it wouldn’t actually be surviving if they take all the equipment that Derek has packed, such as food and a tent. The only thing Brian agrees to keep is a radio to be used only in emergencies and for Derek to check in every week. One of the first things that Brian and Derek did was to make a shelter. They also looked for food, and found some nuts and berries. Derek was writing everything down that Brian was doing. It almost seemed that everything was going really good, but then the storm hit. Brian could only hear the loud storm and see whenever lightening struck. It was then that he saw Derek reach for the radio and was struck by lightening. When Brian woke up, he couldn’t remember anything. It was like he was in a daze. Then he saw Derek lying on his bed and realized that Derek had been struck by lightening. At first he thought Derek was dead, but he was just knocked out. After waiting for Derek to wake up, Brian realized that Derek was in a coma and needed help fast. When Brian remembered the radio, he tried to call for help. The lightening had struck the radio also, and it didn’t work anymore. Brian had to think of something to do to keep Derek alive. He knew without food or wa ter, Derek would...

Modernist Angst- Misogyny essays

Modernist Angst- Misogyny essays The position of women in society has been exemplified in literature as misogynist, and although things have started to change in the last hundred years or so, one sees that women are still portrayed in a poor light. In essence, the idea of women being contemptuous, having a blatant disregard for authority dates back to Eve. Eve coaxed Adam to eat from the tree of knowledge and for such defiance, God punished both Adam and Eve, however, it was Eves punishment that cursed her (and the rest of womankind) to the role of a scapegoat. It is not hard to imagine people routinely murmuring that it was Eves fault, that it is Eves fault, or that is it will always be Eves fault for the role of women and the decline of masculinity. As for men, they have been cursed to dominate the world with the role of a stolid breadwinner. Just as this bible story has not changed to create a better depiction of Eve as less beguiling, less evil, and more caring, neither have Modernist writers who have woven societal tales of social strife. The depiction of women as conniving and despicable has not come through more clearly anywhere than in the Modernist period where women were portrayed as the Dark Horses, the archetypal forces behind social chaos and self-affliction. The depiction of women as the Dark Horses is not just confined to British novels. The American satire by Edith Wharton, The House of Mirth, aptly founds itself on a series of social events that create the same Dark Horses. Indeed, most of the interaction between the characters in the novel happens not by coincidence but by planning. Everyone plans trips to the Bellomont knowing that they will spend their time gambling, and Lily, the main character, plans all of her trips with the intent of getting something out of someone. The various visits, then, are the grounds on which the entire social analyses and gossip take place. The...

TDA Essays

TDA Essays TDA Essay TDA Essay Describe the policies that you would take if you noticed that a child was ill in your setting. All staff within the nursery need to be aware of different signs and symptoms when dealing with Illnesses within children. When children are ill then may become upset or restless and therefore would need to be shown care and comfort Just by sitting with them and talking to them to keep them occupied or even give them a comforting toy to make them feel less distressed until a senior member of staff decides on what to do in this situation. A senior member of staff or the manager would be informed of every illness and incident. Every case with an ill or injured child will need to be recorded in full detail which would include; The name of the child The time and date of the illness What the illness or injury was Any treatment given The names of the members of staff involved and reported to A signature of who witnessed the illness or Injury This would be done so that the parents of the child can be fully knowledgeable about the Incident and so they can be aware In case the child becomes worse. At our setting we require the parents to sign the recorded form to show that they knew and understood what had happened. If the child is seriously ill or injured then the parent loud be contacted immediately and this would be decided by a senior member of staff however, if the child needed urgent treatment or needed to be taken in an ambulance to the hospital then the parents would need to give full permission first. At our setting we do have some children who need to be given certain medication in particular circumstances such as children with asthma and children with allergies who may need a potentially lifesaving injection. These medications would be prescribed by a doctor then the parents would give written consent for the staff at our setting to give the children the recommended medication. For every child a form would Include their name, birth date, what type of medication Is to be given, how much and at what time and each parent would need to sign and date the form. For the children who have allergies or asthma they would need their medication to be permanently at the setting so that the child is able to receive it at all times. Their medication is kept in a storage box with their name on that is kept out of reach of other children however is always in the room that the child is in. If we have a situation at our setting in which the staff have to deal with bodily fluids we have to cake sure first of all that we remove the ill child from the location and make sure that no other children can access the said area. Then the member of staff that is to clean must initially make sure they put on an apron and clear disposable gloves. To remove the excess paper towels are provided and then put Into a bin bag. We then have a specific colored mop for different areas that the member of staff would use to clean the wet area, using disinfectant and then would use clean paper towels to dry the area. After this the apron and gloves that the member of staff was using would go into the bin bag too. This bin bag would be taken to the outside waste area wash their hands and arms carefully and precisely with hand soap. When may a child need urgent medical attention? Consider your own role and responsibilities and outline what you would do if a child needed urgent medical attention whilst in your care. Some children may show some signs or symptoms that can be very serious and may require urgent medical attention. It is our Job to notice any of the signs and symptoms in the children and respond immediately. Some may include; Seizures Choking In and out of consciousness Cardiac arrest Convulsions (Fits) Dehydration, Severe vomiting and diarrhea Meningitis symptoms Wounds or cuts that are severely bleeding Cries uncontrollably and seems to be in pain Asthma attack which the inhaler does not react to Swallowing dangerous objects Difficulty breathing Head injury with other symptoms such as headache, vomiting or vision problems. There can be many more serious signs and symptoms that would need urgent medical attention. If I were to notice any of these in the children I would need to immediately find another member of staff as quickly as possible and do exactly as they ask me to. This could be to phone for other member of staff, bring the first aid kit or even make the area safe around the child and keep the other children occupied and away from the area. I am currently not first aid trained so I wouldnt be able to follow up any first aid on the child however when I am first aid trained, if there is no other members of staff around at the time I would have to follow my first aid training on the child when necessary and would also need to shout for assistance from another member of staff. Show the actions that you would take in your setting in the event of a fire. Each part of the setting has its own designated route to exit the building at the closest exit door. Our main exit in my building is through the main door over the cobbled area and through a big double gate that leads on to the drive way at the front of the building. We then go through another small gate and to the church that is opposite where we gather the children. The senior member of staff would count the children as they were exiting the building and then count them again as they were gathered know how many children we would have at that time. The register would be taken ever to the church with us so that we could count the children and know which children were with us. If we could not get through the front door because the fire was in the area of our exit route, we would take the children through the back door, through the soft play area, over the grass, through a side gate and then through the small gate to the church. Each part of the building has other routes that they can take to exit the building. With the babies we have an evacuation cot at the front door which the staff members put the babies in and carry them across to make it easier and safer than the staff carrying Just one baby across. Show the procedures that you follow to maintain the security of your setting. To stop strangers from getting into our building without staff realizing we have specific key codes on the main gate, main front door and back kitchen door that is only given to the parents of the children. If there is somebody else picking up the child other than the parent then they would have to be given a secure password from the parents, which they would provide when they arrive at the front door and ring the buzzer and they would need to know the name and date of birth of the child and the parents would information the ember of staff caring for the child about the person including the name and what the person looks like. However, only the owner or manager can allow this person into the building. To stop the children getting out of the building we have baby gates and locked gates with hooks and locks so that they cant get out of the rooms and all other main door have handles that are high out of babies reach and locks higher up also. On the back door of the building that I work in we have a key lock which is locked at all times whilst the children are indoors and on the front door we have a door bell for he parent to ring when they come to collect their children. The key is kept on a high up shelf out of the childrens reach. We also have locks on all windows however most windows are out of reach of children. Describe the policy and procedures that you would follow in your setting if there was a missing child. If any children are thought to be missing on the premises we have to follow our policy and procedures for missing children which would start with the staff checking the register to make sure the child has not already gone home and is signed out or to see if the child is opposed to be in. They would also have to check to make sure no other child is missing. The manager is to be alerted and they would carry out a search and a thorough check of the building and garden. They would check all doors and gates for any breach of security whereby the child could have perhaps wandered out from. If after 5 minutes the child still has not been found then the parents of the child would be contacted and informed along with the police. The manager would then talk to the staff to find out where and when the child went missing and was last seen and this would be recorded.